Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobonhlobo zamapheya, kodwa akuzona zonke zazo ezizothatha izimpande kulo lonke elaseRussia. Esinye salezi zihlahla zomhlaba wonke kuzoba iSeveryanka.
Uyakwazi ukumelana nezimo zezulu ezinzima, ngaleyo ndlela ihehe izintshisekelo zabalimi abahlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yezwe.
Incazelo yezinhlobonhlobo zamapheya Severyanka Krasnoshchekaya
Izinhlobonhlobo zazalwa ngo-1959 P.N. Yakovlev ngesisekelo se-Institute of Genetics and Breeding eqanjwe ngo-I.V. I-Michurin.
Isihlahla esimaphakathi, umqhele wobukhulu obuphakathi ufana nephiramidi ebanzi ngesimo. Amagatsha asuka esiqwini nge-engela cishe lama-degree angama-90, amagxolo esiqu namagatsha wamathambo ampunga.
Amahlumela wobukhulu obuphakathi, okuluhlaza okotshani okukhanyayo, okushicilelwe kancane. Amaqabunga aqukethe i-ovoid, isisekelo siyindilinga, futhi amathiphu akhonjisiwe, ipuleti liyi-concave, futhi emaphethelweni ahlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwemidwebo ejwayelekile. I-petiole yesihlahla imfushane, istipule sifana nesaber.
Izimbali ziqoqwa kuma-inflorescence, kaningi izingcezu ezi-4-6, umbala wamacembe amhlophe, ama-stigmas atholakala ngaphansi kwama-anthers.
Umkhiqizo wezinhlobonhlobo ulinganiselwa, ama-60-70 kilograms wamapheya avunwa esihlahleni esisodwa, kepha kunezikhathi lapho uSeveryanka eletha izithelo ezingafika kuma-100 kilograms ngesizini ngayinye.
Isikhathi sokuvuthwa siwela ngomhlaka-10 Agasti, futhi ihlala kuze kube maphakathi no-Septhemba.
I-Severyanka inokumelana okuhle nesithwathwa, ngakho-ke, yenzelwe izifunda zaseNtshonalanga, eSiberia nase-Ural.
Izici zezithelo
Ngokwencazelo yepheya likadoti uSeveryanka Krasnoshchekaya ukuma okuyindilinga futhi kubukeka njengebani lesibani... Ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokuvuthwa, isithelo siluhlaza ngombala opinki, kancane kancane siphenduka siphuzi. Isikhumba siqinile kepha asikho simbi.
Ngokwesilinganiso, ipheya elilodwa linesisindo esingu-80-100 amagremu, amancane ngokwanele ukuthola isivuno sezithelo. I-pulp imnandi, inamanzi, ayi-tart, umbala o-cream opholile, lokhu kuhlukahluka akunalo iphunga elibi.
Imbewu ibekwa emakamelweni, aphakathi nendawo ngosayizi omncane nesikhala esincane.
Umlando wokuzala kanye nesifunda sokuzalela
Ekuqaleni ngo-1959 eMichurin Institute Izinhlobonhlobo zeSvetlyanka zazalwa... Kwakuhlukaniswa ukumelana okuhle kweqhwa futhi ngesithunzi kwabekezelela ubusika obunzima beSiberia. Indlu yomlilo iqale ukudayiswa ngemuva kokuhlolwa.
Izinhlobonhlobo zashintsha igama lazo kathathu, okokuqala kwaba yisithombo sikaYakovlev esinguNombolo 103, kwalandela iSeveryanka kaYakovlev, kwabe sekuba iSeveryanka.
Kodwa izivivinyo zabalimi azange zigcine lapho, futhi ngemuva kwesikhashana esiteshini eChelyabinsk P.N. Yakovlev ithole izinhlobonhlobo zeSeveryanka ngokuwela amapheya uLyubimitsa Klapa noKoperechka No. 12.
Kusathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabalimi base-Ural, kepha ukutshalwa okukhulu kwezimboni eSeveryanka akuvamile.
Ubuhle nobubi
Buhle:
- ukumelana nesithwathwa okuphezulu kwezinhlobonhlobo kukuveza kahle ngokukhula ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ezinesimo sezulu esibi;
- Isihlahla seSeveryanka sincane futhi sihlangene, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukutshala amapheya ngisho naseziqeshini ezincane zomhlaba;
- ukuvuthwa kokuqala, ungazitotosa ngezithelo ezintsha ngo-Agasti;
- ngokunakekelwa okufanele, umuthi owodwa uletha kufika kuma-100 kilogram wokuvuna;
- ISeveryanka ayizwani notwayi;
- isetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene.
Ubunzima:
- izithelo eziningi ziyawa ngaphambi kosuku olubekiwe, ngakho-ke awukwazi ukweqa isikhathi sokuvuna;
- amapheya ngokwawo mancane ngosayizi futhi awahlukile ngokunambitheka okuvelele;
- lokhu kuhlukahluka kudinga ukuniselwa ngesikhathi esifanele nangokuningi, ngoba akubekezeleli inani lomswakama onganele;
- impilo eshalofini emfushane nokungahambi kalula kwezinto kwenza iSeveryanka ingakhangi ngezinhloso zokuhweba.
Izici zokutshala izithombo nokunakekelwa
Ukutshala isihlahla engadini, okokuqala udinga ukunquma ukuthi izokhula kuphi... Kulesi simo, izici zezinhlobonhlobo ezikhethiwe kufanele zicatshangelwe:
- i-sandy loam noma i-loamy inhlabathi enesilinganiso esikhulu se-humus ifaneleka kakhulu iSeveryanka;
- amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kufanele abe kude buduze namamitha ama-2 ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba, ngaphandle kwalokho impande yezimpande ingaguguleka isihlahla sife;
- udinga nokuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuthembekile emoyeni nasekukhanya kwelanga okuhle.
Lapho ukhetha isithombo, kungcono ukukhetha izitshalo ezineminyaka emibili ubudala, njengoba kukhombisa umkhuba, zinokumelana okuphezulu kakhulu nokuzivumelanisa nezimo endaweni entsha. Kungcono ukutshala izitshalo ngo-Ephreli noma ngo-Septhemba.
Isikhathi sikhethwa ngokuya ngesimo sezulu kanye nesifunda sokulima, isihlahla esitshalwe ekwindla mancane amathuba okuthi siphile ebusika obunzima.
Okwe pear okumbiwe umgodi, ubukhulu bawo obuzoba ngamasentimitha angama-60 ukujula nobubanzi bemitha elingu-1... Ngaphansi komgodi, kubekwa ingxube evundile, equkethe:
- Amabhakede ama-2 omquba noma we-humus;
- 200 amagremu kamanyolo wepotashi;
- 800 amagremu we-superphosphate.
Inhlabathi elungisiwe kufanele ifakwe, ngakho-ke ukumba umgodi kufanele kube yisonto ngaphambi kokutshala izihlahla:
- Okokuqala, izimpande zicwiliswa emashini wobumba.
- Ngemuva kwalokho amagatsha alimele futhi aphukile ayasuswa, ukuze isitshalo sisebenzise amandla amaningi ukuzivumelanisa nesimo esisha, hhayi ekwelapheni.
- Ngemuva kwalokho isithombo sifakwa emgodini futhi simbozwe ngokucophelela ngomhlaba.
- Isikhonkwane sibekwe kahle eduze kwesihlahla, esizosebenza njengesisekelo, isitshalo esisanda kutshalwa siboshelwe kuso.
- Isinyathelo sokugcina kuzoba ukuchelela okuningi.
Izimo ezikhulayo
Izinhlobonhlobo zeSeveryanka zingajabulisa umlimi wensimu ngezithelo esezikhona ngonyaka we-4 wokuphila, kepha ngalokhu udinga ukunakekela kahle isihlahla bese usinika izakhi zomzimba ezidingekayo.
Isithombo sinqunywa ngokushesha emva kokutshala. Uma kungekho amagatsha wamathambo kuwo okwamanje, isiqu sinqunywa ekuphakameni kwamasentimitha angama-80-90 ukusuka emhlabathini.
Endabeni lapho sekuvele kunamagatsha esihlahleni, afinyezwa ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu, ngenkathi eshiya amahlumela amathathu aphilile. Le nqubo izodingeka phakathi neminyaka emithathu yokuqala yempilo yesihlahla.
Lapho-ke isihlahla sizodinga kuphela ukuthenwa kwendle., sibonga lapho umgadi wasensimu esusa khona amagatsha agulayo, afile noma angeziwe. Amahlumela asuswa njalo esihlahleni.
Ukuze izimpande zithole umoya-mpilo omningi ngangokunokwenzeka, khipha umhlabathi esiyingini sesiqu... Udinga futhi ngesikhathi esifanele susa ukhula.
Uma ucabanga ukuthi uSeveryanka uthanda umswakama udinga ukuwunisela njalo, uvimbele inhlabathi ukuthi yome.
Ehlobo, kanye ngesizini, kufakwa okokumbiwa kwamaminerali, ekwindla, umuthi ufakwa umanyolo noma umquba.
Yize iSeveryanka ingeyezinhlobo ezingamelana nesithwathwa, idinga ukulungiswa kahle ebusika... Ukwenza lokhu, ngaphambi kokuqala kweqhwa, isihlahla siniselwa kakhulu futhi sigcwele, ngaleyo ndlela sivikele uhlelo lwempande.
Ukuvuna nokugcina
Isikhathi sokuvuna siwela maphakathi no-Agasti futhi ingahlala kuze kube ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Eduze kwesikhathi sekwindla, uginindela wepheya uthola umbala onsundu. Izithelo ezivuthiwe ziqala ukuwa futhi zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-2-3 isihlahla silahlekelwa ngobuningi besitshalo.
Uma ukhetha amapheya evuthwe ngokuphelele, lapho-ke azogcinwa isikhathi esingeqile ezinsukwini eziyishumi... Ngasikhathi sinye, badinga ukuhlinzeka ngamazinga okushisa apholile neziqukathi ezenziwe ngokhuni noma nge-wicker.
Abalimi abanesipiliyoni batusa ukuvuna izithelo kusasele isonto ngaphambi kokuqala kokuvuthwa okugcwele, lapho-ke inani elincane lesivuno lizokwehla futhi lizogcinwa isikhathi eside (izinyanga ezimbili).
Indawo enhle ibhekwa njengendlu ebandayo.kodwa sebenzisa igumbi elingezansi lesiqandisi esikhundleni salokho.
Izici:
Isici esivelele seSeveryanka kunzima ukuqina kwasebusika. Amacala aqoshwe lapho, ngeqhwa lesikhashana elifika kuma-degree angama-50, kwafa izihlahla ezincane kuphela, futhi nokushisa okuzinzile kushintsha kwaba ngu- -42 degrees, kuphela ingxenye engaphezulu yesihlahla yagodola, ngenkathi izimpande zigcinwa.
Futhi okunjalo izinhlobonhlobo zilulama ngokushesha ngemuva kweqhwa.
Manje iSeveryanka ayisetshenzisiwe esikalini sezimboni, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthola izithombo ezithengiswayo. Ungahlangana noSeveryanka kumasayithi wabalimi abanolwazi.
Lokhu kuchazwa ngeqiniso lokuthi abalimi bazalisele ezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezingamelana nesithwathwa ezihehayo futhi ezinenzuzo ethe xaxa.
I-Severyanka isetshenziswa emsebenzini wesayensi, futhi isivele yaba yifomu labazali lezinhlobo ezinjenge-Yeseninskaya neTyutchevskaya.
Esinye isici sezinhlobonhlobo kuzoba yisidingo sokuvotela impova., ngoba ngenqubo ezimele, ngamaphesenti angama-30 kuphela ezithelo azoboshwa.
I-pollinator engcono kakhulu yeSeveryanka kuzoba nguPamyat Yakovlev, izihlahla ezinjalo ziyelulekwa ukuba zibekwe eduze komunye nomunye.
Izifo nezinambuzane
I-Severyanka ayivamile ukuvezwa izifo nezinambuzane. Inokumelana okuhle notwayi. Ngokuvamile, izifo ezilandelayo zitholakala ezihlahleni zalezi zinhlobonhlobo:
- Isifo seMicroplasma noma "umshanelo womthakathi" yisifo esiyingozi kakhulu esihlahleni sezithelo. Isakazeka ngezinambuzane noma izithombo. Ukugxila kwalesi sifo akukwazi ukwelashwa, futhi kulokhu, isihlahla kuzodingeka sisishulwe ngokuphelele futhi sishiswe.
- Izithelo zibola - kuthinta amapheya, isigaba sokuqala ukubonakala kwamabala ansundu, akhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi abhubhise isivuno, i-chlorine yethusi noma i-brodsky liquid isetshenziswa njengezindlela zokulawula.
- Ukusha kwamagciwane - ivela ngemuva kokumiswa kwamaqabunga. Uma kutholakala isifo, isihlahla sifuthwa ngama-antibiotic njalo ezinsukwini ezinhlanu. Ukugwema ukusabalala kwamagciwane, zonke izinsimbi ziphathwa nge-boric acid.
ISeveryanka ayihlaselwa yinundu nepear gall mite. Uvemvane lwe-hawthorn luyingozi.
Njengokulwa naye lapho isibalo esikhulu samacimbi sihlangana esihlahleni, siphathwa ngeKarbofos, Iskra noma ezinye izinambuzane.
Indlela eyinhloko yokubhekana nanoma yisiphi isifo noma inkathazo kuzoba ukususwa kwayo yonke imikhondo yendawo yabo yokuhlala, i.e. izingxenye ezinegciwane lesihlahla, izithelo eziwile noma amaqabunga, okumele zishiswe ngokushesha.
Njengendlela yokuvikela izifo izihlahla zidinga ukunakekelwa kahle, ukuchelela, ukondla nokuthena indle kufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi. Ekwindla nasentwasahlobo kunconywa ukuthi ufafaze isitshalo nge-Brodsky liquid.
Lapho usebenza nganoma yimaphi amalungiselelo amakhemikhali, kufanele usebenzise okokuvikela.
Ukubuyekezwa kwengadi
UGalina: “USveryanka ungumuntu omdala kunabo bonke engadini yami. Isivuno sinikeza inani elikhulu, eminyakeni yokuqala badla ngokweqile, manje sekuhlala. Ngisebenzisa lokhu kuhlukahluka ukwenza amajusi, futhi muva nje ngiqale ukumisa amapheya. Izinhlobonhlobo zinokunambitheka okumnandi kakhulu, okumnandi nokumuncu nge-astringency elula, amapheya mancane ngomgqomo obomvu. Ukunakekela isihlahla akunzima, ikakhulukazi manje njengoba sesivele sikhulile futhi sivumelaniswe nesimo sezulu sethu. "
U-Olga: "Ubaba naye waqala ukutshala iSeveryanka, i-dacha yethu ise-Urals, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu ukuthola izinhlobo ezahlukene zamapheya. Manje kunezihlahla eziningi zezithelo esizeni, ezingcono kangangesikhathi seSeveryanka, kepha angikwazi ukulinga ukusisiphula. Ithela izithelo kancane kancane unyaka nonyaka, ibekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi, futhi ibuye ibe nokunambitheka okumnandi. Okuhlanganiswa yilokhu kuhlukahluka ukunambitheka kobuntwana bami futhi nami ngiyaqhubeka ngikwenzela izingane zami. "
UVladimir: "Kunezihlahla eziningi ezahlukahlukene esizeni sami, kanti uSeveryanka ubambe iqhaza elibalulekile lapha. I-pollinator enhle kakhulu yezinhlobo eziningi, ngaphezu kwalokho, usebenzisa isitoko ngosizo lwayo, ungathola ezinye izithelo zekhwalithi engcono ngokunambitheka nokuma. Ubusika bethu bunzima futhi isihlahla esivuthiwe sibabekezelela ngokuphelele. "
Severyanka Sekuyisikhathi eside ilahlekelwe ukufaneleka kwayo futhi ayisetshenziswa njengamanje esikalini sezimboni.
Kepha abalimi be-amateur abafuni ukuvalelisa kulesi sihlahla, Ukuthola kuwo ama-pluses amaningi ngokwengeziwe, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphandle kokubona ukungalungi okuningi kokuhlukahluka.