Abalimi abaningi be-novice bakholelwa ngephutha ukuthi izitshalo zidinga ukondliwa ngesikhathi sokuqala sonyaka okhulayo futhi zikhawulelwe ukufaka umquba entwasahlobo. Kodwa-ke, ukuphela kwesizini kuhlala kuhambisana nomsebenzi wokulungiselela isiko lobusika. Futhi omunye wemisebenzi ebalulekile ukwethulwa kwenhlanganisela yezakhamzimba ukuqinisa uhlelo lwempande nokuzivikela komzimba ngokujwayelekile. Sizokhuluma kanjani nokuthi yini ongayondla izihlahla zezithelo zensimu ekwindla engadini.
Ukubaluleka kokuvundiswa kwasekwindla kwezihlahla zezithelo ebusika
Ukunothiswa kwenhlabathi enezakhamzimba ekwindla kuvumela izitshalo ukuthi zithole ama-microelements adingekayo, aqinisa imisebenzi yokuvikela, nangaphambi kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo. Isihlahla esiqinile silala ubusuku bonke ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okuningi futhi singena ngenkuthalo enkathini yokukhula, sikhipha ngamandla amahlumela amasha namafihlekile. Ukungabikho kwengcindezi kuthuthukisa izimbali eziningi nesikhathi eside sokuthela. Ukuzivikela okuhle kuhlinzeka ukumelana nokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane namagciwane.
Lapho ukhetha izingoma zomanyolo, noma wenza ingxube yamaminerali, kufanele unamathele esilinganisweni esinconyiwe. Inala yokudla ayifanelekile kulokhu.
Kuhlobo ngalunye lwesihlahla sezithelo, kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise inhlanganisela yendawo yonke noma uzijwayeze ngamanani wokufaka isicelo samaminerali.
- Kuma-apricot, ama-cherries noma ama-plums, okuphakelayo ketshezi kufaneleke kakhulu., equkethe i-2 st. l. i-potassium sulfate, 3 tbsp. i-superphosphate namabhakede amanzi. Isitshalo esisodwa sisebenzisa amabhakede ama-4 esisombululo.
- Kungcono ukufaka umanyolo ngendlela eyomile, kusatshalaliswa amagremu angama-30 ngaphezulu kombuthano wesiqu. i-superphosphate ne-20 gr. usawoti we-potassium (nge-1 m2).
- Ukuze ufakele umhlaba lapho amapentshisi akhula khona, udinga amagremu ayi-110-150. i-superphosphate ne-45-65 gr. usawoti we-potassium. Izinto zamaminerali zifakwe emhlabathini eceleni kwesiyingi.
Isikhathi sokudla ekwindla
Kungenzeka kwenziwe umsebenzi wokulungiselela ukutshala ubusika yonke Septhemba nengxenye ka-Okthoba, kuze kufike eqhweni lokuqala. Kepha futhi akufanelekile ukubambezela inqubo ngokwesikhathi, isitshalo sizothatha isikhathi ukuthola izakhi zomzimba ezitholwe ngenkathi kucutshungulwa. Uma ucebisa umhlaba ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwesimo sezulu esibandayo esizinzile, isihlahla ngeke sibe nesikhathi sokuthola amandla, okusho ukuthi ukondliwa kuzobe kungasebenzi.
Ngaphambi kokufaka le ngxube yezakhi zomzimba, kunconywa ukuthi uhlanze inhlabathi emaqabungeni awile, unqume amagatsha omisiwe nawonakele, futhi ulungise umkhondo womonakalo owenziwe ngomshini esiqwini, uma ukhona. Futhi, ukulungiselela kubandakanya ukumba emgqonyeni oyindilinga ngokucwiliswa okungaphansi kancane kunebhetshu lokwela. Umphumela uyindilinga eseduze nesiqu.
Ungavundisa kanjani ukutshala ngaphambi kobusika
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zikamanyolo, ngayinye edinga ukunakwa. Ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa, ngeke kube okungadingekile ukuzijwayeza izinzuzo zendlela eyodwa noma enye ukuze ukhethe ukudla okunempumelelo kakhulu.
Ukugqoka amaminerali ekwindla ngoSepthemba nango-Okthoba
Lolu hlobo lokudla kwezitshalo lunamakhemikhali alula wezinto ezilandelanayo eziphephile ezitshalweni nasemvelweni. Umanyolo wamaminerali okhona wehlukaniswe waba yizinto ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi zincazelo zinemibandela, ngoba ngisho nezinketho ezilula ziqukethe inani elanele lezakhamzimba zentuthuko ejwayelekile yesiko. Ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kuqukethe izingxenye eziyinhloko ezingama-2-3 nokunye okwengeziwe, okwethulwe kumthamo omncane.
Ama-granules angasatshalaliswa ebusweni bomhlabathi azungeze isiqu sesihlahla, kulandelwe ukuchelela nokushumeka, noma kusetshenziswe ngaphambi kokuncibilika emanzini ukunisela isitshalo empandeni.
Ukondla ekwindla kunconywa ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezilandelayo zomanyolo wamaminerali:
- okuyinkimbinkimbi;
- potash;
- i-phosphoric.
Izinhlanganisela zePhosphorus zezihlahla zezithelo
Umanyolo owaziwa kakhulu we-phosphoric ku-horticulture yi-superphosphate nama-ammophos. Kukholelwa ukuthi kungcono ukukhetha i-superphosphate ephindwe kabili, kune-gypsum encane kuyo, futhi umthamo wento eyinhloko uyanda.
I-Phosphorus ibambezela inqubo yokuqedwa kwamakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukufaka umquba. Lokhu kwandisa ukusebenza kwenqubo yokucebisa inhlabathi ngezakhamzimba. Izinzuzo ze-phosphorus compounds yikhono lokuqinisa uhlelo lwempande, zinike isitshalo amandla namandla. Futhi, i-phosphorus inegalelo ekuqongeleleni ushukela namaprotheni enhlanzini yesihlahla.
Umanyolo omuhle wepotashi
Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwekwindla okwenziwe nge-potassium kuvumela izitshalo ezibuthakathaka ukusinda emakhazeni amakhulu. Kukhiqizwa umanyolo wezinhlobo ezimbili: i-chloride ne-sulphate. Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, kufanele uzijwayeze ukuthambekela kwesihlahla ngasinye sezithelo ku-chlorine nesibabule. Isibonelo, amapheya nama-apula asabela kahle kwi-chlorine, engenakushiwo ngezihlahla zezithelo.
Uma ufaka umanyolo we-potash, kubalulekile ukuthi ubheke imvelo esemhlabathini ukuze ungayinakisi, ngokwesibonelo, nge-potassium sulfate.
Umanyolo ohlanganisiwe ukwandisa isivuno
Ukusetshenziswa kwezingubo ezihlanganisiwe nakho kubalulekile ukulungiselela ekwindla ebusika. Ngaphandle kwalokho, gcwalisa izimbobo ezimpandeni ngengxube yalezi zinto ezilandelayo:
- i-humus (5 kg);
- i-superphosphate (50 gr.);
- i-chloride noma i-potassium sulfate (30 g.).
Ukwakheka kufanele kuqala kuhlanganiswe kahle ukuze zonke izinto zisatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo. Ngemuva kokuphonsa inhlabathi, izimbobo kufanele ziniselwe.
Ezitshalweni ezincane, iminyaka yazo engadluli eminyakeni emihlanu, izinto eziphilayo zithathwa kumthamo ophansi. Futhi ngezihlahla ezingaphezu kweminyaka engu-8 ubudala, inani likamanyolo lenyuka ngo-20-30%.
Olunye uhlobo lomsoco ohlanganisiwe yizinhlanganisela ze-phosphorus-potassium. Umkhiqizo olinganiselayo usiza ukusetshenziswa futhi ucebisa inhlabathi ngawo wonke amaminerali abalulekile adingekayo.
Tshala umlotha wokondla ekwindla engadini
Umlotha wesitshalo uthathwa njengesixazululo somhlaba wonke esingasetshenziswa somile futhi sincibilikiswe emanzini. Lokhu kugqoka okuphezulu kufanelekile cishe kuzo zonke izitshalo. Ngenxa yomlotha, inhlabathi ikhishwe ngamaminerali, ithuthukiswe ngezinto zokulandela umkhondo ezidingekayo ezimileni ezijwayelekile:
- i-magnesium;
- i-calcium;
- i-potassium;
- zinc;
- ithusi;
- isibabule nezinye izinto.
Lapho usebenzisa lo manyolo, kufanelekile ukucabanga ukuthi ubukhulu bezinto ezincane eziguqukayo ziyahlukahluka ngokuya nge-feedstock (utshani, utshani, i-peat).
Izinkuni umlotha uhlobo lomanyolo lomanyolo ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwengxenye efana ne-potassium. Izinkuni ezilukhuni zinenkomba engu-14-16%, ama-conifers - 4-6%.
Ukondla umlotha kunezinzuzo ezilandelayo:
- iziqu neziqu zezitshalo ziyaqiniswa;
- kuqinisa amasosha omzimba, okwandisa amathuba okusinda ebusika;
- ukumelana namasiko ezifweni ezahlukahlukene kanye namagciwane kuyanda;
- ukutholakala kwe-potassium kugcina ekukhuleni okusheshayo nasekuvuthweni ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwezithelo;
- ingxenye eyinhloko ibandakanyeka ku-photosynthesis, iguqula izakhi zomzimba zibe isitashi.
Uma usebenzisa umlotha wezitshalo ukufakela umanyolo, kunconywa ukunamathela kusilinganiso sokusetshenziswa: 250 amagremu nge-1 m2.
Ungazondla kanjani izihlahlana ngezinto eziphilayo engadini
Ukuqinisekisa ukondleka kwezitshalo zezithelo, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa cishe zonke izinhlobo zomanyolo ophilayo: i-humus, umquba, umquba, ubulongwe bezinyoni. Imvamisa, izinto eziphilayo zihlanganiswa nomanyolo wamaminerali, odala izimo ezifanele zokugcwalisa inhlabathi ngezinto ezibalulekile zokulandela umkhondo nokugcina amandla ezitshalo ngenkathi ebandayo.
Ukuvundisa okungokwemvelo kuvame ukufakwa emhlabathini ozungeze isiqu kuya ekujuleni kwamasentimitha ayi-10 kuya ku-15.Kodwa futhi kuvunyelwe ukucebisa inhlabathi ngesisombululo esilungiswe ngesisekelo somquba noma izinyoni zezinyoni. Lapho wenza ukudla oketshezi, kufanelekile ukunamathela ngokuphelele kuzilinganiso zokusetshenziswa kanye nemithamo ukuze ungashisi isitshalo.
Ukukhulelwa ekwindla kuhlukaniswa ngokwakhiwa nobukhulu obusetshenziselwa izithombo ezincane nezihlahla ezivuthiwe. Umthamo omkhulu wezakhamzimba uzothinta kabi ukukhula kwesitshalo, futhi kwezinye izimo kuzobangela ukufa kwaso.
Kukhona umbono wokuthi amaqabunga awile angangcwatshwa ngaphansi kwamasimu ezithelo. Eqinisweni, lokhu akufanele kwenziwe, ngoba izinambuzane eziyingozi, izibungu nezinambuzane ezincane zingahlala ezinsaleleni zezitshalo ebusika. Ukusondela okunjalo ohlelweni lwempande kuzokwenza okubi kakhulu kunokuhle. Kepha ukhukhamba ovuthiwe noma i-zucchini (ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokulimala ngezifo noma ama-parasites) angangcwatshwa esiyingini se-peri-stem, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheke umgodi omncane womquba.
Ukugqoka oketshezi ekwindla
Kuyadingeka ukuyondla yomile. Amakhemikhali afakwa emhlabathini ozungeze isiqu somuthi noma amboze ingaphezulu lomhlabathi njengesivalo semifino. Uma usebenzisa amaminerali afanayo noma into ephilayo ehlangene namanzi, uthola okuphakelayo ketshezi okungabaluleki kangako, okuniselwa empandeni yezitshalo. Ukusebenza kokucubungula okunjalo kuxhomeke ekutheni zonke izingxenye ezisetshenzisiwe zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo emhlabathini.
Inzuzo enkulu kamanyolo owuketshezi uhlobo lwezakhi ezitholakala ezitshalweni. Lolu hlobo lokuphakelayo lufaneleka ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ezinesikhathi eside sokukhula.
Imanyolo ethandwa kakhulu isuselwa kumanyolo wezinkukhu noma umquba.... Ukulungisa isixazululo, okokuqala, ingxenye encane yento ephilayo ifakwa isonto lonke emanzini, ukuthola uketshezi olugxiliwe. Ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo, kuzodingeka unciphise okokusebenza ngamanzi bese unisela izitshalo empandeni amahlandla ama-2-3 ngesizini ngayinye, kufaka phakathi nekwindla.
Ukudla okwenziwe kahle kwasekwindla kuzoqinisa ukuzivikela kwezihlahla zezithelo, okuzobavumela ukuthi baphile ebusika obungenabuhlungu futhi kwandise isivuno. Futhi hlobo luni lukamanyolo ongalukhetha futhi ulusebenzise ezihlahleni zezithelo kanye namahlahla amajikijolo kukuwe!