Utamatisi, njengayo yonke imifino ekhula emibhedeni yethu, ingaphansi kwezifo ezahlukahlukene ezibangelwa isikhunta namagciwane. Enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu phakathi kwabo ukulimala sekwephuzile. Yize kungadala izinkinga eziningi kutamatisi, kusenokwenzeka ukuthi ulwe nayo futhi uyinqobe.
Izindlela zokubhekana nokulimaza sekwephuzile kumatamatisi
Ukulwa nokulimala okwenzeka sekwedlule isikhathi, kusetshenziswa iningi labantu kanye namakhemikhali.
Amakhemikhali okwelashwa nokuvikelwa
Amakhemikhali avamile afaka:
- Imithi elwa namagciwane Trichopol... Amathebulethi ayi-10 ale ejenti ancibilikiswa kumalitha ayi-10 amanzi bese efafazwa izihlahla. Isikhathi sokuqala sicutshungulwa lapho utamatisi esesigabeni sokwakheka kwe-ovary, bese inqubo iphindaphindwa amahlandla ama-2 ngenyanga.
- Iodine... Kuyinto ejenti elwa namagciwane. Ngakho-ke, abalimi bathanda ukulungisa isisombululo se-milk-iodine, esizokusiza kalula ukuthi ususe okulimazayo sekwephuzile. Ukulungiselela, thatha amalitha ayi-10 amanzi, ilitha lobisi namaconsi angama-20 e-iodine.
- Zelenka... Chaza amaconsi angama-40 ale ejenti emanzini bese ufafaza ngawo utamatisi.
- Isixazululo se-potassium permanganate... Lo mkhiqizo uyi-antiseptic enhle kakhulu yembewu. Zibekwa esikhwameni se-gauze bese zifakwa kulesi sixazululo imizuzu engama-40. Ngemuva kwalokho, iyagezwa ngamanzi futhi yomiswe kahle.
Izidakamizwa zendabuko
Izindlela zomuntu eziphumelelayo zifaka:
- Ukumnika igalikhi... Ukulungiselela, thatha ama-200 g wegalikhi oqoshiwe bese uncibilikisa engilazini yamanzi afudumele. Ngemuva kwamahora angama-24, into iyahlungwa futhi ithululelwe kumalitha ayi-10 amanzi, ingeze lapho futhi igramu yobisi lwe-potassium ebilisiwe. Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa, udinga ukufafaza utamatisi.
- Isixazululo sobisi noma isondo... Noma imiphi yale mikhiqizo yobisi ihlanjululwa ngamanzi ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 1 futhi, kusukela ngoJulayi, izihlahla zikatamatisi zifuthwa njalo ngaleli khambi.
- Isixazululo sikasawoti... Badinga ukucubungula nokuvikela utamatisi oluhlaza namanje. Ithuluzi elinjalo lenza uhlobo lwefilimu oluzovimbela ukungena kokutheleleka. Ukulungiselela kwayo, ingilazi kasawoti ichithwa ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi.
Ukuhlelwa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo kotamatisi kusuka ekulimaleni sekwephuzile
Ngokuqondene nokutshala ku-greenhouse, utamatisi kufanele utshalwe ngokushintshana namakhukhamba.
Inhlabathi ku-greenhouse iyadingeka ekwindla sebulala amagciwane nge-sulfate yethusi... Uma izitshalo sezivele zitheleleke nge-blight sekwephuzile, lapho ku-greenhouse, inhlabathi kufanele isuswe ngobukhulu obungaba ngu-5 cm.
Futhi kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukuhwamuka kwenzeka ku-greenhouse futhi umoya omile ukhona, futhi lokhu kunomthelela omuhle ekuthuthukiseni amabhaktheriya. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukufaka umoya opholile njalo ukuvikela izitshalo ezifweni.
Ukunakekelwa kwangaphandle
Kudingekile ukutshala izitshalo hhayi kakhulu ukuze kungatheleleki ngokushesha nge-blight late. Kepha uma singekho isikhala esiningi kakhulu ku-greenhouse, khona-ke utamatisi kufanele nakanjani khipha amaqabunga amadala, ngoba yiyona ndawo eyintandokazi yalesi sifo.
Ukuze ugweme ukuqubuka kwesifo esedlule, kubalulekile, okokuqala, ukulandela imithetho yokuchelela. Akunasidingo sokuthela amanzi emaqabungeni. Kuyadingeka ukunisela izitshalo empandeni.
Uma sekuvele kwenzeka ukuthi utamatisi akakwazanga ukumelana nalesi sifo, ukucubungula ukuze kusindiswe kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi akubanga nemvula usuku lonke... Utamatisi kufanele ufuthwe kusihlwa noma lapho liguqubele kodwa isimo sezulu esomile.
Ukunakekelwa kwezithombo
Kufanele nakanjani uqinise ukungavikeleki kwezithombo zikatamatisi ngaphambi kokutshala enhlabathini. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa izindlela ezilandelayo:
- ngaphambi kokutshala, izitshalo ziyelashwa Isixazululo esingu-5% seBordeaux liquid;
- ngemuva kwengxenye yenyanga ne-arcerid;
- ngemuva kwesinye isigamu senyanga ngesisekelo;
- ngemuva kwalokho, amakhambi wokugcina ama-2 ayashintshwa.
Ikhambi elihle lokulimaza sekwedlule isikhathi
Okuphumelela kakhulu ekulweni nokulimala sekwephuzile yilezi:
- Ridomil igolide... Kuvikela ingaphandle lamatamatisi futhi kuvimbela isikhunta ekungeneni kwezicubu. Ukuze ulungiselele lesi sixazululo, udinga ukuthatha amagremu ayi-10 womkhiqizo bese uwanciphisa kumalitha ayi-4 amanzi. Baqala ukucubungula izitshalo nabo ngenkathi yokukhula, bese bephinda njalo ngenyanga.
- Thanos... Lesi sidakamizwa sinezinzuzo eziningi, njengoba simelana nokugeza futhi sinomphumela wokwelapha ngokubulala amakhowe. Ukulungiselela, thatha i-12 g ngamalitha ayi-10. Ukufafaza kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo neRamidol Gold.
- Revus... Kuyamelana nemvula futhi kunomphumela wokuphulukisa. Nciphisa u-6 ml kumalitha amahlanu amanzi bese ufafaza izitshalo kusukela esikhathini sokukhula. Ukucubungula kwenziwa kathathu njalo emavikini ama-2.
Ukuvimbela kwenziwa kanjani ku-greenhouse
Vele, njengasendabeni yezinye izifo, kulula ukwenza ukuvikela kunokulwa ngokungapheli nokulimala sekwephuzile.
Izenzo eziyinhloko zokuvimbela zifaka okulandelayo:
- Gwema indawo yokuhlala utamatisi namazambane.
- Akufanele utshale le mifino endaweni efanayo iminyaka eminingana ilandelana.
- Futhi, ungatshali utamatisi endaweni lapho lapho kukhula khona ama-eggplant, upelepele namazambane.
- Unganiseli utamatisi kaningi futhi ngobuningi.
- Kuyadingeka susa amaqabunga aphansi utamatisi ukuze bathinte umhlabathi kancane ngangokunokwenzeka.
- Donsa ukhula njengoba lubamba umswakama.
- Inhlabathi akufanele ifakwe ngokweqile ngomanyolo we-nitrogen.
- Lapho inhlabathi igcina umswakama isikhathi eside kakhulu, kubalulekile ukhula.
- Ngemuva kokuvuna, ungashiyi iziqongo ebusika engadini, kufanele zishiswe.
Sibonakala kanjani lesi sifo
Akunzima kangako ukuthola izimpawu zokulimala okwedlulele kutamatisi:
- amabala avela ngaphansi, ngemuva kwalokho amacembe aba nsundu awe;
- amahlumela esitshalo nezithelo zaso nawo aba mnyama;
- ekuqaleni imifino iba lukhuni, bese iyathamba futhi ithambe ize iqale ukubola. Ngakho-ke sonke isithelo singalahleka.
Uzocubungula nini okokuqala
Utamatisi ocutshungulwa okokuqala kusasele izinsuku ezi-1 noma ezi-2 ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo emhlabathini ovulekile.
Ngemuva kokutshala, izitshalo ziphinde zifuthwe ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-12.
Kungenzeka yini ukuthatha imbewu kutamatisi onesifo
Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ama-oospores afela ekushiseni okungama-50-degree, ngoba uma ugcina imbewu cishe amahora amabili kuleli zinga lokushisa, zizobulawa ngamagciwane.
Khumbula ukuthi ukutshala kungcono ukusebenzisa imbewu eqoqiwe cishe eminyakeni emithathu eyedlule... Ngalesi sikhathi, wonke amagciwane azofa, futhi uzothola izinto ezihlanzekile.
Izimo zokuthuthukisa lesi sifo
Utamatisi utheleleka kalula nge-blight sekwephuzile. kusuka kumazambane, futhi futhi kunezimo eziningi zokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo.
Okuvame kakhulu kubo kufaka:
- izimvula zezikhukhula ezihlala cishe izinsuku ezintathu;
- izinguquko ezingazelelwe ekushiseni imini nobusuku ngomehluko we-8 kuye ku-12 degrees;
- amazolo avela kulezi zinguquko zokushisa;
- inkungu;
- ukungabi khona kwelanga nokushisa;
- izitshalo eziqiniwe;
- i-nitrogen eyeqile.
I-Phytophthora ayikhuli esimweni sezulu esomile.
Ungawulima kanjani umhlaba ngemuva kwesifo
Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokutshala, kubalulekile ukuphatha umhlaba kusuka ekulimaleni sekwephuzile. Ngalokhu bathatha 3% yethusi sulfate bese uwuthululela phansi.
Ngemuva kwalokho kufanele uyithukulule kahle inhlabathi. Ukwenza lokhu, sebenzisa idivaysi ekhethekile ezosiza ukuxuba ikhava ephezulu ubukhulu obungamasentimitha angama-25. Kulesi sabasizi abahamba phambili kuzoba yiTornado. Inesimo esingajwayelekile futhi iyasebenza kakhulu futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa.
Futhi isigaba sokugcina sinisela inhlabathi phytosporin... Ukuze wenze lokhu, 1 tbsp. izimali zichithwa ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi. Lo mthamo ubalwa nge-1 sq.m.
Qiniseka ukuthi ukhumbula ukuthi izinto eziqukethe ithusi zingangena ekudleni, ngakho-ke kufanele zisetshenziswe kuphela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi udle izithelo ezigulayo
Ungesabi ukudla utamatisi othinteke ngesifo sekwephuzile. Lesi sifo asisakazeli kubantu. Kodwa-ke, izindawo ezimnyama zonakalisa ukuvela kwamatamatisi, futhi akumnandi neze ukuzidla.
Ngokuqondene nokulondolozwa, akunconywa ukumboza la utamatisi.
I-asidi yabo ingakhuphuka, futhi izinambuzane ezincane eziningi zizokwanda, ngenxa yokuthi ukunambitheka kukatamatisi kuzokonakala ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo zokumelana nokuhlasela
Izinhlobo ezingamelana ngaphambi kokulimala sekwephuzile zifaka phakathi: UMfoweth uGift, uDe-Barao, uVilina, uLyana, uRoton.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ukubhekana nokulimala sekwephuzile kulula. Kumele ukhethe ithuluzi olithandayo bese uqala ukusebenza. Kodwa-ke, kufanele futhi unamathele kumthamo, ngoba ukweqa okujwayelekile kuzolimaza utamatisi uqobo.