Utamatisi kutshalwa ngempumelelo ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zezwe lethu. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo kanye nama-nzalo kusiza ukukhetha izinhlobo ezifanele kakhulu izimo. Noma kunjalo, kunezimo lapho izitshalo zitheleleka khona, zigule... Ngakho-ke, udinga ukuzilungiselela isimo esinje, ukwazi ukuthi ungabhekana kanjani nale nkinga. Esihlokweni sethu, sizobheka ngokuningiliziwe esinye sezifo zamatamatisi - ukubola okumpunga, nokuthi ungaselapha kanjani.
Kuyini ukubola kutamatisi
Ukubola ukutheleleka okuyingozi okuyisikhunta okuthinta izitshalo zemifino ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi utamatisi. Ukususa izitshalo kuwo kuyinqubo ethatha isikhathi, ende.... Impumelelo yaso incike kakhulu esikhathini esifanele sezinyathelo zokuzivikela ezithathiwe kanye nokuxilongwa okuyikho kwalesi sifo.
Siqala kanjani lesi sifo?
Lesi sifo siqala ngokulimala kwesiqu sesitshalo esilimele. Ezindaweni ezithintekile, amabala we-grey-brown hue akhiwa. Ngemuva kwalokho zikhula eduze kwesiqu zingakapheli izinsuku ezinhlanu, ziyizungeze... Ngemuva kwalokho ibala liyakhanya, imivimbo ivela endaweni yayo. Esontweni lokuqala, asikabi bikho isikhunta sokubola esimpunga khona lapho. Lesi sifo siqala esiqwini. Ingxenye yesiqu iyafa, ngayo umsoco wesitshalo uyama, uyabuna. Amaqabunga ngenhla kwendawo ethintekile aba phuzi.
Izimpawu zokubola okumpunga ziyefana nalezo ze-pith necrosis. Kepha kukhona umehluko ophawulekayo. Nge-necrosis, isitshalo sonke sizobuna, futhi ngokubola okumpunga, kuphela ingxenye yesitshalo engaphezulu kwendawo ethintekile ebunayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-7-10 kusukela ngesikhathi sokulimala, ukuqhakaza okuphawulekayo komlotha-grey kuvela khona lapho, lapho lesi sifo singabonakala ngokuhlukile.
Izimo ezifanele zokuthuthukisa lesi sifo zinomswakama ophezulu womoya. Ikhula ngenkathi kwakhiwa izithelo, kuthinta zonke izingxenye zasemoyeni zesitshalo. Ekuqaleni kokutheleleka (kwezitshalo ngazinye), ukutheleleka kusakazeka kancane kancane... Kodwa lapho kwenzeka izimo ezinhle, ithelela ngokushesha izitshalo ezingomakhelwane. Uma isatshalaliswa kakhulu, ingabhubhisa iningi lesivuno.
Indlela yokudlulisa isemoyeni. Ezinye izitshalo zemifino zingaba imithombo yokutheleleka: ikhukhamba, ulethisi, njll.
Izinhlobo zokubola
Kunezifo eziningana, ezihlanganiswe ngegama elilodwa - ukubola.
Ukubola okumpunga
Isifo se-fungal... Ukubukeka kwayo kuyacasula I-Botrytis cinerea Pers. Lesi sifo singathinta izithelo ezikhule zombili ezimweni zokushisa okushisayo nasensimini evulekile. Ukuze kusatshalaliswe, kudingeka umswakama ophakeme, ukudla okungalingani (umanyolo we-nitrogen osetshenziswe ngokweqile). Ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwalesi sifo:
- ukubola kwesithelo sombala ompunga;
- ukuqhakaza okunesici;
- indawo yeqabunga;
- isiqu sesitshalo esithintekile.
Lesi sifo sisakazeka kusuka esitshalweni kuya kwesinye... Njengoba sebethelelekile, babuna ngokushesha futhi bafe. Uma kutholakala izithelo ezibolile, kufanele ziqoqwe futhi zibhujiswe (zishiswe noma zingcwatshwe), kepha akunakushiywa enqwabeni yomquba.
Ukubola okunsundu
Ukubola okuBrown kubizwa nangokuthi i-phomosis. Lesi sifo sivame kakhulu. Indawo yokulimala kwezitshalo iseduze kwesiqu... Ukhunta ungena embungwini ngenxa yokwephula ubuqotho bawo ngenxa yemvula noma umoya. Ngaphandle, akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi ukunquma ngokuthembekile lesi sifo, ngoba isithelo singaba namabala amancane ansundu kuphela. Kodwa-ke, isithelo setamatisi siyobe sesibolile ngokuphelele. Lesi sifo singashukunyiswa ukondla izitshalo ngomquba omusha, okuyinto engathandeki kakhulu kubo.
Ukubola okumhlophe
Lesi sifo sibangelwa yi-pathogen I-Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Isivuno siyalimala ngesikhathi kugcinwa. Imithombo eyinhloko yefungus umquba nomhlabathi.
Izimpawu:
- amanzi kanye nokuguquka kombala kwamaqabunga ezitshalo;
- izithelo ezigcwele ukuqhakaza okumhlophe.
Imvamisa, amafomu amhlophe abola ezindaweni ezilimele zesithelo.
Izimo ezingeziwe zokuqala kwesifo yilezi: inhlabathi engakafakwa amagciwane, izinga lokushisa eliphansi endaweni abamba ukushisa (ngaphansi kuka-18 ° C) ngesikhathi sokutshala, umswakama ophezulu.
Ukubola okuphezulu kutamatisi
Ukubola kwe-vertex kuthinta utamatisi otshalwa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo nasezindaweni zokugcina izithombo. Lesi sifo sisakazeka ngokushesha okukhulu futhi singadala umonakalo omkhulu esitshalweni ngesikhathi esifushane. Izimpawu zokuqala ziyabonakala ngisho nasezithelweni ezingavuthiwe.Izindawo ezinamanzi zimnyama kakhulu kunesithelo. Ngemuva kwalokho ibala liba nsundu, izithelo ziyashwabana bese ziyawa. Isikhunta singakhula endaweni yokubonakala kokubola, kepha lesi sifo asinayo imvelaphi yefungal. Izizathu eziyinhloko:
- umswakama;
- ukuchelela okunganele;
- inhlabathi enosawoti;
- ukuntuleka kwe-calcium noma okuqukethwe kwayo okwandisiwe kumanyolo.
Ukubola okuphezulu kuthinta inani elibalulekile lamatamatisi alinywa ezimweni zokushisa okushisa.
I-Rhizoctonia noma ukubola kwezimpande
Ukubola kwezimpande zikatamatisi, okubizwa nangokuthi umlenze omnyama, kuvamile.... Kubangelwa yinkimbinkimbi yezinambuzane: isikhunta se-phytopathogenic: i-Rhizoctonia, i-Fusarium, i-Pythium, i-Phytophthora, noma igciwane le-phytopathogenic i-Erwiniacarotovora. Utamatisi, otshalwa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo usebenzisa i-substrate, uthinteka kakhulu ezifweni. Kuze kufike ku-70% wezitshalo ezincane ezingabulawa yilesi sifo.
Izici ezisemqoka:
- ikhola yezimpande ethambile;
- ukwenza mnyama kwayo;
- ukuvela kokuncipha.
Ngemuva kokuvela kwalezi zimpawu, isitshalo siyabuna futhi sife.Izimo zokutheleleka utamatisi zifaka phakathi: izinga eliphezulu lomswakama womoya, ukuchelela ngokweqile kwe-substrate, ukungalingani ekudleni ngamaminerali.
Kuvelaphi ukubola kutamatisi?
Ukubola yisifo sokukhunta. Ukuze ugweme imiphumela yayo engathandeki, udinga ukwazi ukuthi kungani ivela. Abalimi abanesipiliyoni baqamba izimo eziningana ezingezinhle lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zokubola zingavela ngaphansi kwazo.
Okuvamile kakhulu:
- inhlabathi engavunyelwe noma i-substrate, lapho kusinde khona izinhlamvu zezifo zezifo ezahlukahlukene, kuzoqubula ukutheleleka okukhulu kwezitshalo ezinhlakeni zokushisa;
- kusetshenziswa imbewu engahloliwe, ikakhulukazi kaningi okwabo;
- ukungagcini umswakama womoya ku-greenhouse, ukuqongelela umswakama ngokweqile lapho unisela izitshalo kuzoholela ekuthelelekeni kwezifo zemifino;
- akukho okuyingozi kangako futhi ukuchelela okunganelekusukela kulokhu, lesi sitshalo sintula umsoco, siyancipha, sithinteka kalula kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezifo, kufaka phakathi nesikhunta.
Ukuhambisana nombuso wokushisa, umswakama nokunisela kuzosiza ukukhulisa isivuno esihle sotamatisi.
Amalungiselelo okulwa nokubola okumpunga
Imithi yokwelashwa ngotamatisi ompunga isungulwe kahle. Kodwa-ke, zivame ukusetshenziswa sekwedlule isikhathi, okuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kahle. Izinyathelo ezivame kakhulu ezithathiwe azisebenzi ngokwanele ngenxa yokuxilongwa okungalungile kwezifo.
Indlela edidiyelwe kufanele ithathwe ekuvikeleni izitshalo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuhlonza okufika ngesikhathi kwezifo eziyinhloko. Ngokukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ekuphatheni ngokucophelela kwezitshalo.: lokhu kuzonciphisa amathuba okuba amanxeba lapho i-ejenti elithathelwanayo lithelela kalula utamatisi.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula, kubalulekile ukuhlola njalo izitshalo ukuze ubone izimpawu zokuqala zokubola okumpunga. Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe kulo msebenzi lapho kuphulwa amaqabunga esimweni sezulu esimanzi.... Uma uthola ukugxila kwalesi sifo, gqoka utamatisi ngokunamathisela ngama-fungicides. Ukucubungula okujwayelekile kwezitshalo kwenziwa uma bekungekho ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwezithelo ngesikhathi sokuqala kwesifo. Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo, abalimi abanolwazi batusa ukusetshenziswa kweTopsin M, Bayleton, Euparen multi.
Abalawuli bezokukhula... Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium humate ngesikhathi sokukhula kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuthuthuka nokusakazeka okukhulu kokubola okumpunga.
Imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo... Ukwelashwa kokuvikela izitshalo ngokumiswa kwe-Trichodermin, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuqhekeka kwamaqabunga, kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhula kwe-foci ephindaphindwayo yokutheleleka. Inhloso efanayo inikezwa ngokugcoba izindawo ezimanzi ngokumiswa kweTrichodermin, iGlyocladin. Le ndlela idla isikhathi, kepha iyasebenza kakhulu. Kuyanconywa futhi ukuthi ufafaze ukusikeka okusha kwama-petioles amaqabunga nge-Trichodermin uma kususwe kakhulu. Cubungula utamatisi emini ukuvumela ukuthi zome.
Azikho izinhlobo ezixubiwe ezingamelani nokubola kwempunga kwamatamatisi, iF1 Pilgrim neF1 Vasilievna ziyabekezelela.
Izenzo zokuvimbela
Noma yisiphi isifo kulula ukusivimba kunokwelapha. Lesi sitatimende sisebenza ngokuphelele kumatamatisi. Ukuhambisana nezidingo ze-agrotechnical zokutshala utamatisi kuzosiza ukukhulisa, ukuvuna nokugcina isivuno esihle. Yini okufanele uyinake?
- Ibhalansi umanyolo wamaminerali.
- Ukuphathwa okunembile kwezitshalo... Amagatsha aphukile angadala izifo.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi, Ezizothinta izakhiwo zayo futhi ngeke zome.
- Ukuvikelwa kwe-Hypothermia ngesikhathi sokutshala.
- Ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo kokungafaneleki izimo zezulu (ukwehla ezimeni zokushisa).
- Ukugcina ibanga elilungile phakathi kwezitshalo ngokwanele kokuthola kwabo izinto eziwusizo.
- Isikhathi esifanele futhi ngokuphelele ukubulala amagciwane enhlabathini.
- Ukukhetha futhi ukucubungula imbewu.
Isiphetho
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lokubola luyingozi kakhulu. Uyakwazi ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele isivuno esikhulile. Kancane, ukubola kudluliswa kalula ngesikhathi esifushane kusuka kwesinye isitshalo kuya kwesinye... Ukuze ugweme imiphumela emibi, qaphela ukuvikela lesi sifo.