Cishe kuzo zonke izingadi zemifino, upelepele utshalwa kanye nezinye izitshalo zemifino ezithandwayo. Ngaphandle kwezithelo eziningi, kunengozi yokwehla noma ukulahleka kwesivuno ngenxa yokulimala kwama-microorganisms noma izifo eziyingozi. Ungavimbela inkinga ngolwazi oluzokusiza ukuthi ubone izimpawu zokuqala zesifo. Kulesi sihloko, sizofunda ukuthi kungani amaqabunga epelepele angawa, ubani okufanele asolwe ngalokhu nokuthi yini engenziwa nokuthi singabhekana kanjani nalesi sihlava.
Izifo eziyinhloko zensimbi yensimbi kanye nokwelashwa kwazo ekhaya nasendlini yokushisa
Lapho ukhula pepper, ukunakwa okukhethekile kukhokhelwa izinyathelo zokuvimbela. Ukunakekelwa nokuhlolwa njalo kwezihlahla kuyadingeka ukuze kutholakale izinambuzane noma izifo ngesikhathi esifanele. Izitshalo ezithintekile zingafa amasonto e-1-2 uma imbangela ingaziwa ngesikhathi futhi ukwelashwa kungenziwanga... Uhlaza oluningi nemvelo enomswakama kudala izimo ezikahle zokuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezahlukahlukene noma ukuhlaselwa yizinambuzane.
Abalimi bavala udaba lokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kupelepele endaweni yesibili ngemuva kwenkinga yokubuna kwezithombo ezitshaliwe. Ngakho-ke, akufanele ungazinaki izimpawu zokuqala zokulimala esitshalweni noma esithelweni!
IBlackleg
Isifo sokukhunta siqala ikakhulu esigabeni sokukhula kwamahlumela, ngakho-ke, kuyingozi ezitshalweni nasezitshalweni zabantu abadala ezikhule ezimeni zokushisa.
Lokhu kungenxa yamagciwane ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene aphikelela ezimbewini, enhlabathini nasezinsaleleni zezitshalo. Ukutshala okunamandla kakhulu kwezithombo kanye ne-aeration esezingeni eliphansi, okuvame ukubonwa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo, kungadala ukwakheka komlenze omnyama.
Izimpawu ezibonisa isifo sefungal:
- ukushintsha kombala kwengxenye engezansi yesiqu yaba nsundu;
- ukubola endaweni emnyama;
- ukoma esihlahleni sonke.
Lapho kutholakala izimpawu zokuqala zomlenze omnyama, kufanele kulandelwe izincomo ezilandelayo:
- ekuqaleni kokuthuthukiswa kwesifo, kubalulekile ukunisela imibhede ngesisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate;
- khipha umhlabathi uzungeze izihlahla;
- photha intamo yempande ye-pepper;
- uma umhlaba umanzi kakhulu, ufafaza imibhede ngesihlabathi somfula (umlotha, i-carbon activated);
- uma lesi sifo sithinte izithombo, kufanele ufake umoya ekamelweni, unciphise inani lokunisela.
Uma umlenze omnyama uqothule zonke izithombo, ngeke ukwazi ukusebenzisa umhlabathi kabusha ukuze ukhule izithombo ezintsha. Ama-microorganism ayingozi ahlala kuwo, ngakho-ke izithombo zizofa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukubola okumpunga
Lesi sifo sidalwa ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhunta iBotrytis cinerea. Isici sesici ukwakheka kwamabala ansundu manzi engxenyeni engezansi yesiqu, endaweni yokuxhumana nomhlabathi. Ngemuva kwesikhashana esifushane, indawo enesithintelo iyavela. Isigaba esisebenzayo sokuthuthukiswa kwesifo sefungal senzeka ezimeni zomswakama ophezulu ngokuhambisana nokushisa komoya okungaphezu kuka-20 ° C.
Uma ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwembulwe izimpawu zokuqala zalesi sifo, kubalulekile ukwelapha imibhede ngamalungiselelo okwelapha:
- Fundazol;
- I-Acrobat Ordan;
- Ijubane;
- Previkur noma abanye.
Izitshalo ezithintekile kufanele zisuswe esihlahleni noma zifakwe esitsheni esihlukile.
Ukuqothula kombani okusheshayo
Amagciwane e-Pathogenic anombani azongena ohlelweni lwe-vascular of the stem, ngaleyo ndlela avimbele ukunikezwa kwezakhi. Ngaphezu kwendlala, lesi sitshalo sinobuthi ngezinto ezinobuthi ezifihliwe ngamagciwane, okuholela ekufeni okusheshayo kwesiko. Uphawu olugqamile lwesifo amabala aphuzi emahlamvu, okukhombisa ukomiswa kwesitshalo, kanye nomuthi omhlophe okhishwe lapho kusikwa isiqu.
Uma kutholakala izimpawu zokuncipha, kunconywa ukuthi ususe isitshalo esithintekile engadini. Phatha okusele kwezihlahla ngamalungiselelo akhethekile aqukethe ithusi.
Ukulimala okwedlule
Kukhulunywa ngezifo zefungal (fungus Phytophthora infestans) ezingabhubhisa isivuno sikapelepele. Esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka, kunezimpawu ezifana nomlenze omnyama. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-2, amabala ansundu asabalale kuso sonke isitshalo, kufaka phakathi isithelo. Esimweni sezulu esomile, amaqabunga ayoma ngokushesha futhi ashwabane. Inqubo yokubola iyasheshiswa kumswakama ophezulu, ngakho-ke akufanele unqikaze ngokucubungula.
Lapho kutholakala izimpawu zokuqala, kubalulekile ukucubungula imibhede ngokushesha usebenzisa amalungiselelo akhethekile:
- I-Gamair (yokunisela - ithebhulethi eyodwa yamalitha ama-5 wamanzi, ukufafaza - amaphilisi ama-2 welitha elilodwa lamanzi);
- I-Alirin-B (yokunisela - amaphilisi ama-2 ebhakedeni ngalinye lamanzi, ukufafaza - amaphilisi ama-2 ngelitha elilodwa lamanzi);
- I-Ridomil Gold (yokufafaza amagremu ayi-10 womkhiqizo wamalitha amabili wamanzi);
- I-Fitosporin-M (yokufafaza amagremu ayi-10 we-powder ngamalitha amahlanu amanzi).
Emasimini amakhulu, kunengqondo ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezinamandla kakhulu: iBravo, iQuadris.
Ukwehlulwa kukapelepele yi-cladosporium: kungani kuvela nokuthi ungafafaza kanjani?
Lesi sifo sibangelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhunta iFulvia fulva, kaningi sithinta izitshalo eziluhlaza okotshani ezikhule ngaphansi kwezimo zomswakama eziphezulu. I-brown spotting idluliswa izinhlamvu ezingena emhlabathini, amathuluzi engadi, izingubo, izindawo zokushisa okushisa.
Izimpawu ze-cladosporia:
- amabala ansundu avela ngaphandle kwamaqabunga;
- ngaphandle kwamahlamvu, kuqhakaza impunga ngomphumela velvety;
- ukubola kwesiqu nezithelo.
Lapho kutholakala izimpawu zokuqala, ukwelashwa kufanele kuqalwe ngokushesha:
- ukunciphisa umfutho wokunisela imibhede;
- ukuqinisekisa ukungena komoya okuphelele kokushisa okushisa;
- phatha izitshalo ezithintekayo ngamalungiselelo akhethekile (iZaslon, Barrier).
I-Fusarium ne-sclerocinia emaqabunga ezithombo
Lesi sifo sidalwa yisikhunta (i-Fusarium), esithinta izitsha zeziqu. Ngenxa yokuvalwa kwamapayipi esiqu, ukutholakala kwezakhi nomswakama kuvinjiwe, lesi sitshalo siqala ukufa ngenxa yobuthi obenziwe ngoshevu. Ubuningi bomswakama (kokubili emoyeni nasenhlabathini) kungashukumisa ukukhula kwesifo sefungal.
Ezitshalweni ezithinteka ku-fusarium, izimpawu zokuqala zesifo ziyabonakala esiteji sokwakheka kwehlumela.
Izimpawu zesifo:
- amaqabunga ku-pepper aqala ukusonga, abune;
- ngisho nokunakekelwa okuhle, imifino iba phuzi;
- isiqu engxenyeni yezimpande siba nsundu;
- ukuthuthukiswa kokubola ezimpandeni, izithelo.
Njengoba i-fusarium iyisifo esingelapheki, ukuvimbela kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulimeni upelepele.
Izindlela zokuzivikela ekhaya ezivela ku-fusarium:
- ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu, kufanele iphathwe nge-Fundazol (100 ml womkhiqizo nge-10 g yembewu);
- nisela inhlabathi ngezikhathi ezithile ngesisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate;
- ngemuva kokuvuna imibhede, khetha ngokucophelela izinsalela zezitshalo.
Lapho kutholakala izimpawu zokuqala ze-fusarium, kunconywa ukuphatha imibhede nge-Fundazol noma i-Topsin-M (0.2%). Izidakamizwa azikwazi ukunqoba lesi sifo, zimisa kuphela inqubo yokuthuthuka.
Isifo indawo emnyama yebhaktheriya
Kusukela lapho izithombo ziphuma ngaphezu komhlaba, lesi sitshalo singahlasela indawo emnyama yegciwane. Uphawu lwesifo lwesi sifo amabala amnyama asakazeka eceleni kwesiqu namaqabunga. Umngcele ophuzi ubonakala emngceleni nengxenye eluhlaza.
I-Prophylaxis ijwayelekile, kufaka phakathi ukukhetha okulungile kwezinhlobonhlobo kanye nenqubo yokukhipha amagciwane enhlabathini nasembewini. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuzokwazi ukusindisa isitshalo esithintekile, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukususa ngokushesha izihlahla ezigulayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwanda kwesifo. Indawo yokukhipha kumele ibulawe amagciwane.
Umdlavuza webhakter Pepper nezindlela zokulwa nawo
Lesi sifo esingebhaktheriya, ukuthuthukiswa kukhuthazwa umswakama ophakeme nesimo sezulu esifudumele, kanye nokuqina kwemibhede. Isici sesici sithathwa njengamabala amnyama (amachashazi) asakazeka phezu kwesitshalo, esihlangana kamuva, sakhe uqweqwe olukhulu. KUSUKAMaphakathi kwamabala anombala okhanyayo, osiza ukunquma ukuxilongwa. Izimbobo ezincane zingavela.
Uma kutholakala izimpawu, kuyadingeka ukuthi ufafaze isiko nge-sulfate yethusi noma amalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi. Izihlahla ezithintekile kufanele zisuswe engadini.
Ukulwa nomfanekiso kagwayi
I-mosaic kagwayi yisifo segciwane esibonakala ukungena kwegciwane kumaseli nokubhujiswa kwe-chlorophyll. Ngenxa yokushona kwamangqamuzana, kwakheka iphethini lemabula ebusweni beqabunga, elinokufakwa kwe-beige ne-emerald.
Ukubulala amagciwane kwenhlabathi nezithombo ngaphambi kokutshala, kanye nokukhethwa okufanele kwezinhlobonhlobo, kuzosiza ukuvikela izifo.
Leli gciwane lihlala emhlabathini iminyaka engu-5, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthi ususe ngokucophelela imfucumfucu yezitshalo kusayithi ekupheleni kwesizini.
Izinambuzane zikaPepper nokuthi ungabhekana kanjani nazo
Ngaphezu kwezifo, izinambuzane nazo zingabhubhisa isivuno. Ama-aphid abhekwa njengenye yezingozi kakhulu. Ukudla ujusi wepelepele, uyakwazi ukubhubhisa isihlahla ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, lapho amaqabunga nezimbali kuzoqala ukuwa khona. Isakazeka ngokushesha emibhedeni, ngakho-ke akufanele ungabaze ukwelashwa kwezinambuzane. Ukuze isixazululo esisebenzayo esilungisiwe kusuka kuKarbofos noma iKeltan sihlale emifino isikhathi eside, udinga ukuyifaka ngensipho yokuhlanza elondoloziwe.
Isicabucabu sibanga inkinga enkulu kubalimi. Kutholakala ezansi kwamaqabunga, kumunca ujusi kupelepele. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokutholakala kwe-parasite, udinga ukuphatha imibhede nge-infusion elungiselelwe kusuka engilazini ye-anyanisi oqoshiwe (ugarlic), amaqabunga e-dandelion kanye ne-1 tbsp. l. insipho. Zonke izithako ngemuva kokufaka ibhakede lamanzi zifakwa amahora amaningana.
Phakathi kwezinye izinambuzane zepelepele, ama-slugs ahamba ze. Zilimaza imifino nezithelo, ngenxa yalokho ukubola kuqala. Ungazisusa ngokufafaza izitshalo nge-Strela (50 amagremu we-powder ibhakede ngalinye lamanzi).
Izimbobo eziveziwe emaqabunga zikhomba ukuhlaselwa kwebhungane lamazambane laseColorado. Izinambuzane nezibungu zayo zinamandla amangalisayo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ungachithi isikhathi bese uqoqa izinambuzane ezihlahleni. Ngemuva kokuqoqa, fafaza upelepele ngokulungiselela kwe-Commander (1 ml ngebhakede ngalinye lamanzi).
Ibhere lithanda nokudla amaqabunga. Ekulweni nayo, ukuhlelwa kwezicupho nokufafazwa kwephunga likaphalafini ezindaweni lapho kunqwabelana khona kuyasiza.
Icubungula upelepele kusuka ezinambuzane nasezifo ngamakhambi wesintu ekhaya
Ungagwema izinkinga lapho utshala upelepele uma ulandela imithetho eyisisekelo yokuvikela ekhaya.
- Lapho ukhetha imbewu noma izithombo, kukhethwa kuqala izinhlobo ezingamelana nezifo.
- Kunconywa ukugcina imbewu endaweni eyomile enomoya.
- Ngaphambi kokutshala, ukutshala inhlabathi kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kubhubhise amagciwane ahlukahlukene nezibungu.
- Ngaphambi kokutshala, imbewu ifakwa kusixazululo se-sulfate yethusi, isisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate noma amalungiselelo akhethekile.
- Nsuku zonke udinga ukuhlola imibhede ukuze ubone kusenesikhathi i-foci. Uma kunesidingo, fafaza noma welaphe izitshalo usebenzisa izindlela zabantu ezikhethiwe.
- Izithombo kufanele zitshalwe maqondana nebanga ukugwema ukuqina.
- Lapho uchelela, bheka izinga lomswakama womhlabathi. Umswakama owedlulele uvusa ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo zefungal.
Uhlome ngolwazi, kulula ukuthi abalimi bavikele izitshalo ezinambuzane nasezifweni. Umuntu kufanele abone ukungaguquguquki ekunakekelweni kwesiko. Futhi-ke izihlahla ezinempilo zizokhula ngisho nasefasiteleni efulethini.