Utamatisi uthathwa njengomunye wemifino ethandwa kakhulu, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuthola ingadi yemifino engenayo. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke umnikazi ongaqhayisa ngesivuno esivulekile nezithelo ezinkulu. Ingxenye eyinhloko yenkinga yamatamatisi akhulayo ukungagcini imithetho yobuchwepheshe bezolimo.
Ukuze uthole isivuno esicebile, udinga ukunakekela izitshalo kahle, ngoba akuzona zonke izinhlobo ezifanele ukutshala imifino ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene.
Yiziphi izenzo ezifakiwe kubuchwepheshe bezolimo botamatisi abakhulayo
Abalimi abaningi be-amateur bakholelwa ukuthi ukunakekelwa konke kwemibhede yetamatisi kunisela futhi kususwa ukhula. Eqinisweni, ngokunakwa okuncane kangaka, ngisho nenzalo eningi kakhulu futhi emelana nezifo ngeke ikhiqize isivuno esikhulu. Ake sizame ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe imithetho eyamukelwa ngokuvamile yotamatisi okhulayo.
I-Agrotechnology yamatamatisi akhulayo aqukethe amaphuzu alandelayo:
- ukukhethwa kwembewu (ikakhulukazi izinhlobo) - izinhlobo ezithile zamatamatisi zilungele isifunda ngasinye;
- ukulungiswa kwembewu yokutshala (ukumunca ukuze kubulawe amagciwane futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula);
- ukudala izimo zezithombo ezikhulayo (ukukhanyisa, izimo zokushisa, ukuchelela, ukondla);
- ukukha izithombo;
- ukukhetha indawo yombhede wensimu nokulungisa inhlabathi;
- ukufaka izithombo emibhedeni;
- ukuchelela;
- ukukhulelwa;
- ukuvimbela izifo;
- ukususa ukhula nokuxegisa inhlabathi;
- ukwakheka kwezihlahla nokuncinza, i-garter yezitshalo ezinde (noma utamatisi ungaphansi, akufanele uphambuke kule mithetho);
- ukuvuna.
Ngaphezu kwezigaba eziyinhloko, imisebenzi eyengeziweukufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni okungcono kwesiko:
- ukugoqa ingadi;
- ukwelashwa kwezithombo ngezikhuthazi zokukhula;
- ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokukhosela yesikhashana ukuvikela amaqhwa entwasahlobo (enziwe ngefilimu noma nge-agrofibre);
- ukutshala izitshalo endaweni ezixosha izinambuzane.
Ukuze kuhambisane nombuso wokunakekelwa kwezitshalo, abalimi abanesipiliyoni benza uhlelo lokwenza ekuqaleni kwesizini.
Utamatisi uthanda muphi umhlabathi?
Utamatisi ungakhula cishe kunoma yimuphi umhlabathi, umbuzo yinani lomsebenzi wokulungiselela.
Imiphumela emihle yokulima iyabonakala emhlabathini onomsoco ovulekile onomswakama omuhle nomoya ovulekile... Izimfanelo ezinjalo zikhona, isibonelo, ngama-loams. Okuphakathi kufanele kungathathi hlangothi noma kube ne-asidi encane, kepha kungabi ne-asidi.
Ngaphambi kokugibela, udinga hlola izinga le-pH usebenzisa izivivinyo zaselebhu noma iphepha le-litmus. Uma inkomba idlula inani lika-5.5-6.5, khona-ke ukwelashwa kufanele kwenziwe ukulungisa i-asidi. Ukwenza lokhu, ufulawa we-dolomite noma i-lime echotshoziwe ufafazwa ebusweni bomhlaba, obese uhlanganiswe ngobumnene nomhlabathi nge-rake.
Inhlabathi yamatamatisi kufanele ivunde, ithuthukiswe nge-potassium, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-iron, i-zinc nezinye izinto zokulandelela.
Lapho ufaka umanyolo esigabeni sokulungiselela isiza sokutshala izithombo, kokubili umanyolo ophilayo kanye nomanyolo oyinkimbinkimbi wamaminerali kuyasetshenziswa. Noma kunjalo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akufanele uthathwe ngemixube enomsoco, ungashisa amahlumela amancane noma uvuse ukukhula okuluhlaza kwemifino kulimaze ukwakheka kwezithelo.
Lapho ukhetha indawo engadini yetamatisi, udinga ukubheka ukuthi yiziphi izilimo ezitshalwe kuyo ngesizini edlule.
Abandulelayo bangawuqeda kakhulu umhlabathi kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuthi bathole izithelo ezinkulu zikatamatisi. Okufanayo kusebenza ekubuseni kokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo; akunconywa ukutshala izitshalo endaweni efanayo.
Uyilungiselela kanjani inhlabathi utamatisi
Ngokuya ngezinga lokuqukethwe kwezakhi zomhlabathi nokwakheka kwawo, kukhethwa umanyolo ophelele womanyolo.
Esikhathini sokushisa
Kufanele uqale ukulungisa inhlabathi ku-greenhouse ekwindla. Okokuqala kufanelekile lahla yonke imfucumfucu yezitshalo, izinambuzane namagciwane ngempumelelo zasebusika nayo.
Ukuthola i-vermicompost, kunconywa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvuna tshala umquba oluhlaza (njengesinaphi). Ngobusika, bazokhula, futhi bangaqedwa. Kuzokwazi ukuhlola imiphumela yomsebenzi entwasahlobo, inhlabathi izolashwa, ihlanzwe ukhula futhi ithuthukiswe ngomsoco.
Uma ukuqubuka kwezifo kwaqashelwa phakathi nenkathi, kuzodingeka ukuthi inhlabathi iguqulwe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungqimba lwama-20-30 cm lususwe ngokuphelele futhi lukhishwe ku-greenhouse. Zonke izakhiwo zesakhiwo kufanele ziphathwe ngama-fungicides. Ngokwengeziwe, kusetshenziswa isihloli sesibabule.
Ingqimba entsha yenhlabathi enempilo iyalandela nothisa ngomquba, umquba noma imanyolo yezimbiwa eyinkimbinkimbi... Ukuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi okuhle kakhulu kokushisa okushisa kufaka phakathi izinto ezilandelayo:
- insimu evundile;
- umhlanga;
- isihlabathi emfuleni;
- umquba;
- umquba obolile.
Entwasahlobo, indawo ebamba ukushisa idinga ukuphinde ihlanzwe, futhi phatha ngesixazululo esikhethekile (ngokwesibonelo, iBaikal-EM) yokukhipha amagciwane, bese uthela amanzi abilayo phezu kombhede ukufudumeza umhlaba.
Emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo, i-superphosphate (30 g), i-ammonium nitrate (20 g) ne-potassium sulfate (15 g) zifakwa emhlabathini. Umquba omusha awusetshenziswanga entwasahlobo, uvusa ukukhula kweziqongqo, unciphisa ukwakheka kwezithelo.
Ukuze uthole isivuno sokuqala, kuhlelwa imibhede efudumele. Ngale ndlela, izinsuku zokufika ziyashintshwa emavikini ama-2-4 ngaphambili.
Enkundleni evulekile
Umbhede wensimu enkundleni evulekile nawo ulungiswa ekwindla. Kulokhu kufanele susa yonke imfucumfucu yezitshalo bese umba phansi ngokujula kokucwiliswa kwethuluzi ebhentshini lokwela. Kanyekanye nokumba ukwethula izinto eziphilayo (umquba, umquba) ngesilinganiso esingu-6-8 kg nge-1 m2.
Entwasahlobo, umbhede uphinde umbe futhi emavikini angu-1-2 ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo icutshungulwe ngesisombululo esishisayo se-sulfate yethusi (nge-magciwane). Ukuze inhlabathi ingapholi, imbozwa ngefilimu ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo.
Ngesikhathi sokutshala, ingxube yezakhi ithelwa emgodini ngamunye: i-humus, umquba, i-peat, umlotha wezinkuni.
Imithetho yokutshala utamatisi ukuthola isivuno esihle
Umanyolo
Ngesikhathi sokukhula, utamatisi uyadingeka bondla izikhathi eziningana, lapho-ke ungakhuphula kakhulu isivuno.
Enkundleni evulekile ingxenye yokuqala yethulwa ngesonto emva kokutshala izithombo. Ngalokhu, isixazululo samalitha ayi-10 samanzi sifaneleka kakhulu, i-Art. l. i-nitrophoska ne-500 ml ye-mullein engamanzi. Isihlahla ngasinye sisebenzisa cishe amalitha ayi-0.5.
Okwesibili, ukudla okuhambisanayo kwethulwa ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza. Kulesi sigaba, isisombululo samalitha ayi-10 wamanzi, ama-500 ml womquba wezinkukhu ongamanzi, ubuciko. i-superphosphate, kufaka phakathi i-potassium sulfate.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10, lesi sitshalo singaphakelwa ngesisombululo esisuselwa ku-Agricola Vegeta noma iSiginali Utamatisi. Ngemuva kwezinye izinsuku eziyi-10-14, imibhede icebisiwe ngomkhiqizo osuselwa kumalitha ayi-10 wamanzi, 1 tbsp. i-potassium humate (noma i-sodium).
Esikhathini sokushisa ukondliwa kokuqala kufakwa emigodini lapho utshala izithombo, umgodi ugcwele umquba, i-humus kanye nomlotha wokhuni.
Ingxenye yesibili yenhlanganisela yezakhi iphathwa ngemuva kwamasonto ama-2-3. Umanyolo uhlanjululwe ebhakedeni lamanzi: i-nitrogen (25 gr.), I-Potash (15 gr.), I-Phosphoric (40 gr.). 1 l yesisombululo esisebenzayo sithelwa ngaphansi kwesihlahla ngasinye.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu okulandelayo kusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza okukhulu. Kusuka kumxube wokudla okunempilo, ukwakheka okususelwa emanzini (10 l), i-liquid mullein (500 ml) ne-potassium sulfate (15 g) kufanelekile. Amalitha ayi-1-1.5 oketshezi athelwa ngaphansi kwesihlahla ngasinye.
Izinqubo ezilandelayo zenziwa ngezikhathi zezinsuku eziyi-10-14 (i-nitrophoska, i-potassium humate namanye ama-ejenti asetshenzisiwe).
Ukwakhiwa kukaBush
Ukuze isitshalo singasebenzisi amandla ngeze, kunconywa ukuthi wakhe izihlahla zibe yiziqu ezi-1, 2, 3.
Isiqu esiyinhloko sivela empandeni, kuso ngezansi kukhona amaqabunga, kuma-axils akhiwa izingane zokutholwa. Ngenxa yabo, isitshalo siyaphuma, sithathe izakhi zomzimba eziningi.
Yonke le nqubo iqhubeka nokulimaza ukwakheka kwamaqanda nezithelo ngenxa yokushoda kokudla. ngakho-ke izingane zokutholwa kufanele zisuswe njalo ezinsukwini ezinhlanu, bese wenza utamatisi onenombolo ethile yeziqu.
Le nqubo yenziwa kungakhathalekile ukuthi isilimo sikhuliswe kuphi, noma ngabe kungumhlabathi ovulekile noma i-greenhouse.
Ukunisela okufanele
Ukunisela emibhedeni evulekile kuyenziwa Izikhathi 1-2 ngesonto... Esimweni sezulu esishisayo esomile, imvamisa yokunisela iyanda kufika ezikhathini ezi-3-4... Kodwa-ke, into ebaluleke kakhulu yizinga lomswakama womhlabathi. Ukunyuka komswakama kukhuphula ukukhula kwezifo zefungal, ngakho-ke akufanele uthathe ukuchelela.
Ku-greenhouse, amazinga okunisela alawulwa ngokuya ngomswakama womoya nenhlabathi. Njengomthetho, izinqubo zenziwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokudonsa noma lokuchelela ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ukuxegisa nokuhlanganisa
Ukuze ucebise inhlabathi nge-oxygen futhi uvimbele ukwakheka koqweqwe ezindlini zokugcina izithombo nasemhlabathini ovulekile, ukukhululeka kuyenziwa, okuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokhula.
Inqubo yokuqala yenziwa ngemuva kokuchelela kokuqala ngokucwiliswa emhlabathini kuze kube ngamasentimitha ayi-8-10. Ukukhululeka okulandelayo kuhlinzeka ngokujula kwama-3-4 cm. Izikhathi ezi-3-4 ngesizini ngayinye, kodwa kuze kube mzuzu lapho amahlumela ekhula. Ngemuva kokwakheka okuphelele, izindima ezingadingekile phakathi kwezitshalo zingabalimaza.
Ku-greenhouse, ukukhululeka kokuqala kwenziwa futhi ngemuva kokuchelela. Izinqubo ezilandelayo ziyenziwa njalo emavikini ama-2 ize ivalwe imigqa.
Ukugcina umswakama emhlabathini, imibhede yetamatisi ifakwa ngotshani obomile, sawdust noma i-peat.
Ubukhulu be-interlayer kufanele bube ngaphakathi kuka-6-7 cm (ngemuva kokuthi impahla inciphile). Iphinde isetshenziswe njenge-mulch: i-burlap, i-newsprint, i-shredded tree bark, utshani obomile obomile, njll.
Izimfihlo zikatamatisi ezikhulayo nokuthola isivuno esicebile sezithelo
Isivande ngasinye esinolwazi sinezimfihlo zaso eziqinisekisa ukuthela okuphezulu noma ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimbi. Izeluleko ezilandelayo zigqama phakathi kweziphumelelayo nezithandekayo.
- Ukwandisa isivuno ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwebhulashi lesibili nelesithathu, kunconywa fafaza isitshalo ngesisombululo esenziwe nge-boric acid (ukuhlushwa okubuthakathaka). IBoron ikhuthaza ukuhluma kwempova, ukwakheka kwe-ovary kanye nezithelo.
- Utamatisi omningi uzitholela impova. Kepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, inqubo yokuvota impova ayenziwa kahle, ngakho-ke, usizo lomuntu ngeke luphazamise isitshalo. Ngalokhu udinga okuncane nyakazisa isihlahla kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezi-3-6.
- Ukumbesa imibhede yetamatisi kuvimbela inhlabathi ukuthi yome futhi iqweqwe ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mulch inciphisa izinga lokukhula kokhula - isitha esikhulu sezitshalo zemifino.
- Ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi yasekwindla kuhlinzeka ngokwanda kwesivuno uma umquba, umanyolo kuhlangene nepeat kusetshenziswa njengamanyolo.
- Kwabalimi abaningi, amadlelo ahlala engumsebenzi ongathuthukisiwe, ngakho-ke, akuwona wonke umuntu angathola izithelo ngezimpawu ezichazwe kwilebula lembewu. Ukususa amahlumela angenamsebenzi kuqondisa kabusha ukugeleza kokudla namandla maqondana nokwakhiwa kwamatamatisi amakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banesikhathi sokuvuthwa ngaphambi kokuphela kwesizini.
Ngokuvamile, ubuchwepheshe bezolimo abuyinkimbinkimbi, yize bunezici ezithile, kepha kungenzeka ukwandisa isivuno. Ngemuva kokuthola ulwazi kutamatisi okhulayo, ungazenzela okulungile nentuthuko emithethweni yokunakekelwa, bese wabelana nabo ezinkundleni.