Lapho ukhetha imbewu yekhukhamba, abalimi abaningi baqondiswa yizinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, banikeze ukukhetha izinhlobo eziqinile futhi ezingafuni kakhulu ukunakekelwa. Paratunka ukuhlangabezana nalezi zindlela.
Incazelo kanye nezici zezinhlobonhlobo zekhukhamba zeParatunka
I-hybrid yekhukhamba ivuthwa kusenesikhathi, izinsuku ezingama-40-43 ngemuva kokuvela, ukuvuna kuqala. Isikhathi sokuthela ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle nokunakekelwa okufanele sithatha kuze kube kubanda kakhulu.
Lesi sitshalo sinosayizi omaphakathi wokuqhuma nge-branching elinganiselayo. Amaqabunga anemibala enombala ohlaza okotshani ocebile. Ku-sinus elilodwa leqabunga, izithelo ezingama-2-3 ezinesikhumba esibucayi zakhiwa, lapho imivimbo ephuzi (ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zobude) ibonakala.
Ubude bendawo eluhlaza bufinyelela 7-10 cm, isisindo sithi 80-100 gr... I-12-16 kg ingasuswa kumitha eyisikwele semibhede. Isici sezinhlobonhlobo ukungabi khona kwesidingo sokuvotelwa kwezimbali.
I-Paratunka yizinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezifanele ukutshala ngaphandle. Izithelo zikulungele ukusetshenziswa okusha kanye namalungiselelo asebusika.
Izinhlobonhlobo zeParatunka zazalwa kamuva nje - ngo-2006 yinkampani yezolimo yaseMoscow iSemko-Junior.
Izinzuzo nobubi bezinhlobonhlobo
Inhloso yabalimi kwakuwukuthola isitshalo ngokuzivikela okuqinile kanye nesikhathi eside sokuthela... Imiphumela etholakele ayigcinanga nje ngokuhlangabezana nokulindelwe, kepha futhi iqiniswe ezinye izimfanelo ezizuzisayo ze-Paratunka hybrid.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko:
- ukwenza izinto ezihlukahlukene;
- ukunambitheka okumnandi ngenothi elimnandi (akukho ukubaba);
- ukumelana nezifo nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene (bacteriosis, indawo ensundu, powdery isikhutha, njll.);
- umkhiqizo ophezulu;
- igcina isethulo sayo kahle ngesikhathi sokuhamba;
- amathuba okukhula ezifundeni eziningi zezwe.
Izinhlobo zeParatunka zinconyelwa ukuthi zisetshenziswe kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo: IVolgo-Vyatka, Middle Volzhsky, North, North-West, North Caucasian, Central, Central black earth.
Okubi kwe-hybrid cishe cha, ngaphandle kokuthi intengo ephezulu yembewu nameva abukhali kakhulu esikhunjeni sesithelo.
Izidingo zenhlabathi zokutshala
Ukhukhamba utshalwa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlabathi, kepha isivuno esikhulu sizotholakala kumanyolo ovundile (loam, sandy loam), imvelo engathathi hlangothi noma ene-asidi encane.
Emhlabathini wobumba, ukutholakala komswakama nezakhi zomuthi kunzima, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukuwahlanza ngesihlabathi, i-peat ne-humus (ingxube yakhiwe ngezilinganiso ezilinganayo zezakhi). Ungwehlisa i-asidi ngokwethula ufulawa wedolomite (tuff, limestone echotshoziwe) ngesikhathi sokumba ekwindla.
Lapho ukhetha indawo, naka amasayithi egqumeni. Ukuvela okuseduze kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ebusweni bomhlaba kungadala ukubola kohlelo lwempande, izithelo.
Ukhukhamba ukhipha izakhamzimba emhlabathini, ngakho-ke izinyathelo zokufaka umanyolo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokunakekelwa kwezitshalo.
Ukulungisa inhlabathi yokuhlwanyela ngidinga ukuqala ekwindla... Umquba omusha usetshenziselwa imibhede ehleliwe, ngemuva kwalokho umhlaba umbiwe. Ngaphezulu kobusika mullein ukubola, ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, ukuyinothisa ngezinto ezibalulekile zokulandela umkhondo (i-nitrogen, i-potassium, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, njll.). Inani lomquba nge-1 m2 lithembele ebangeni lokuthela kwenhlabathi, ngokwesilinganiso i-6-9 kg / m2 isetshenzisiwe.
Uma umsebenzi wokwenziwa kwenhlabathi ekwindla ungazange wenziwe, lokhu kungenziwa entwasahlobo izinsuku ezingama-30-50 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu. Masinyane ngaphambi kokutshala, kunconywa ukuthi wethule humus (4 kg / m2).
Ngaphezu kwezinto eziphilayo, kusetshenziswa omanyolo bamaminerali:
- i-superphosphate (40 g nge-1 m2);
- i-ammonium nitrate (15 g nge-1 m2);
- usawoti wepotashi (25 g nge-1 m2);
- umlotha wezinkuni (200 gr. 1 m2).
Zidinga ukulethwa ngesikhathi sokumba komhlaba kwentwasahlobo, zijula 20-30 cm... Kukule ukujula lapho uhlelo lwempande lwamakhukhamba luqala khona.
Imithetho yokuhlwanyela
Ukutshalwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zeParatunka cishe akufani nemithetho ejwayelekile yokutshalwa kwamakhukhamba.
Abalimi basebenzisa izindlela ezimbili zokuhlwanyela:
- emhlabathini ovulekile;
- ngezithombo.
Ukuhlwanyela kuqala kaningi maphakathi no-May, kepha abalimi abaqondiswa kakhulu hhayi isikhathi, kepha yizimo zezulu.
Ukukhula kwezitshalo okusebenzayo kuqala ezingeni lokushisa elingaguquguquki lomoya 22-24 ama-degree, inkomba emhlabathini kufanele ibe hhayi ngaphansi kuka-14-15 degrees.
Lapho utshala ngemigqa kusetshenziswa imbobo yomgodi elandelayo:
- isikhawu phakathi kwezihlahla singama-15-18 cm;
- ibanga phakathi kwemigqa lingama-60-70 cm;
- izimbobo ukujula 3 cm.
Nini yokwakha izidleke indlela yokuhlwanyela isebenzisa uhlelo: 50 x 30 cm.
Ukuze uthole isivuno ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi uvikele izithombo kusuka kusithwathwa sentwasahlobo, imbewu iyahlwanyelwa ezitsheni ezihlukile (izimbiza ezincane, izinkomishi) ezimeni zokushisa noma endlini.
Lobu buchwepheshe buhlinzeka ngala maphuzu abalulekile alandelayo:
- imbewu itshalwe izithombo ngenyanga ngaphambi kokudlulisa izithombo endaweni evulekile;
- inhlabathi yezinkomishi isetshenziswa ukukhanya (ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa kufanele ibulawe amagciwane futhi ifudunyezwe);
- imbewu kufanele iqale ifakwe futhi ifudunyezwe (le nqubo ayidingeki ezinhlangeni);
- kuyadingeka ukujulisa okusanhlamvu enhlabathini ngo-1.5-2 cm;
- ngaphambi kokuvela, ubuso beziqukathi kufanele bube embozwe ngengilazi noma ucwecwe;
- ukuchelela kuyadingeka njalo, kepha ngokulinganisela;
- ngemuva kokuvela kwamahlumela amancane, izinga lokushisa lehla, futhi amasonto ama-2 ngaphambi kokudluliselwa emibhedeni, izithombo ziyaqina (iziqukathi kufanele zithathwe ngaphandle amahora ama-2-3).
Uhlelo lwempande lwezithombo aluthuthuki kahle, ngakho-ke udinga ukudlulisa isithombo emgodini ngokucophelela kanye nenhlabathi.
Ukunakekela
Izinhlobo zeParatunka ngezokungathobeki, kepha ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo eziyisisekelo kusadingeka.
Ukunisela
Kunconywa ukunisela njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-3-5 ngamanzi afudumele, lapho kushisa, ukuchelela kwenziwa nsuku zonke. Kulokhu, kufanele ilawulwe ukuze inhlabathi imanziswe ngo-20-25 cm ngokujula. Ukuze uvimbele ukumiswa umswakama, kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise uhlelo lokuchelela lokuchelela.
Ukhula nokhukulula
Ukuhlinzeka ukufinyelela komoya-mpilo ohlelweni lwempande, ukukhuliswa kwenhlabathi kwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Le nqubo kuhlangene nokususa ukhula, ngoba ukusondelana nokhula kubangela ukubola kwezimpande, ukuqoqwa kwezinambuzane ezinambuzaneni emahlathini aminyene. Sekukonke, ukwelashwa okungu-4-6 kwenziwa ngenkathi yokukhula.
Ukondla okuhambisanayo kwamakhukhamba
Lesi sitshalo simunca ngenkuthalo zonke izakhi ezisuka enhlabathini, ngakho-ke, kusukela ngesikhathi sokutshala kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuthela, kwethulwa okungenani izihibe ezi-3-4.
Okokuqala yenza ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwamaqabunga ama-2-3 emahlumela. Kumaminerali kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela ye-urea (15 g), i-potassium sulfate (15 g) ne-superphosphate (50 g). Unganciphisa futhi i-mullein emanzini (ilitha elilodwa lesisombululo esijiyile ebhakedeni ngalinye lamanzi) noma okokufaka izinyoni (1.5 izinkomishi ebhakedeni ngalinye lamanzi).
Owesibili Isithiyelo, esicebile ngezinto ze-nitrogen-potassium, sethulwa ezingeni lokuqala lokuthela, okwesithathu - maphakathi noJulayi.
Amaphutha okunakekela
Abalimi abangenalwazi bavame ukwenza amaphutha anciphisa isivuno:
- ukungakunaki ukukhulelwa;
- ukukhetha okungalungile kwendawo yemibhede;
- ukuhlwanyela imbewu kusenesikhathi;
- ukwephulwa kombuso wokunisela;
- ukubambezela ukwelashwa lapho kutholakala umonakalo ezitshalweni.
Izifo nokuvinjelwa kwazo
Izitha eziyinhloko zamakhukhamba eParatunka yilezi:
- ukubola kwezimpande;
- i-anthracnose;
- i-peronosporosis;
- ukubola okumhlophe;
- i-aphid;
- isicabucabu.
Ezimpawu zokuqala zokulimala esitshalweni, kubalulekile ukucubungula futhi susa izihlahla ezinesifo engadini ukuvimbela ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo.
Ukuvimbela okufika ngesikhathi kubhekwa njengendlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokugwema izinkinga, equkethe lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- ukunamathela ezikhathini ngesikhathi sokutshala (gwema ukuqina);
- ukulawulwa kwezinga lomswakama womhlabathi;
- ukuhlolwa kwansuku zonke kwezitshalo;
- ukususa ukhula nokuxegisa inhlabathi;
- ukubulala amagciwane kwembewu nesiza semibhede.
Imithetho yokuvuna nokugcina
Ukhukhamba we-Paratunka uvuthwa cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-42 ngemuva kokuhluma.
Ukuvimbela izithelo ukuthi zikhule ngokweqile, kunconywa ukuqoqa 1 isikhathi ezinsukwini ezimbili... Ungagcina isivuno esivuniwe okungenani izinsuku eziyi-10 uma ufaka amabhokisi egumbini elingaphansi (izinga lokushisa alidluli kuma- + 8 degrees). Uma inkomba idlula +10 degrees, khona-ke impilo yeshalofu yehliselwa ezinsukwini ezi-4.
I-Paratunka hybrid yamukelwa ngabalimi abahlala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuyikhulisa, ungazama ukulima ezindlini zokugcina izithombo, njengoba kwenza abaqambi abanesibindi.