Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwamapheya kudalwe eTimiryazev Agricultural Academy ngabososayensi uPotapov noChizhov. Lapho uwela, kwasetshenziswa izinhlobonhlobo zeLesnaya Krasavitsa ne-Olgaokunikeze ukunambitheka okukhulu nokumelana nezifo eziningi.
UPear Chizhovskaya wadlulisa izivivinyo ezinhlobonhlobo kwathi ngo-1933 waklanywa (wahlongozwa ukuba kulinywe) ezifundeni ezintathu: iVolga Ephakathi, iPhakathi neNyakatho-Ntshonalanga. Kepha kaningi lokhu kuhlukahluka kulinywa ezingadini zezifunda zaseSamara, eMoscow naseVladimirovsk. Kulesi sihloko ungazijwayeza ngezimpawu nencazelo yezinhlobonhlobo zamapheya eChizhovskaya - izinsuku zokuvuthwa, izici zokunakekelwa, izifo zezihlahla nezindlela zokubhekana nazo.
Incazelo yezinhlobonhlobo
Umqhele wesihlahla, elimiswe njengephiramidi noma isigaxa, esakhiwe ngamagatsha agobile kancane. Ubude nobukhulu bamahlumela ambozwe ngamagxolo ansundu ngokubomvu noma ansundu kumaphakathi. Amagatsha wamathambo zipendwe ngombala ompunga, kanti isiqu sinezimpunga ezimnyama.
Ukuphakama kwesihlahla (uhlobo olujwayelekile) kungahluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-1.8 kuye ku-2.5... Inani elincane lentili (ukwakheka okunemigodi emincane, embozwe izicubu ezixegayo) kutholakala esiqwini cishe ezingeni lomhlabathi. Umbala onsundu onsundu, ophambukile kancane ubunjwe ngesigaxa.
Amaqabunga aphakathi nendawo futhi anombala omuhle oluhlaza. Zinokuma kwe-oval enwetshiwe, futhi emaphethelweni kukhona ama-denticles amancane anezinwele. Ishiya enobuso obuphezulu nobushelelezi, anamathiselwe emagatsheni kusetshenziswa ukusika kobude obumaphakathi.
Izimbali ezimhlophe zobubanzi obuphakathi zimile okwezitsha. I-corolla yakhiwa ngamacembe anomphetho oqinile. Amahlumela, njengezimbali, amhlophe qwa. Baqoqwa kuma-inflorescence ohlobo lwesihlangu, izingcezu ezi-5-7.
Izici zesithelo, isikhathi sokuvuthwa
Izinhlobonhlobo zeChizhevsky zinika izithelo ezisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo zesimo se-obovate noma se-pear yakudala, isisindo esingahluka kusuka ku-110 kuye ku-140 amagremu... Ingaphezulu elibushelelezi lamapheya anamachashazi amancane limbozwe ngesikhumba somzimba omncane, somile lapho uthinta.
Izithelo zinemibala elinganayo (umbala ungahluka kusuka kokuluhlaza kuye kophuzi) ngaphandle kwamabala akhanyayo abomvana. Banamathela emagatsheni ngeziqu ezimfushane. Inani lembewu ensundu ngamathiphu acijile kupheya elilodwa liyahlukahluka kusuka ezingcezwini ezi-5 kuye kwezingu-10.
Izithelo zalokhu kuhlukahluka zizidonsela amehlo ngopulphu olunamafutha oluncane, olukhipha iphunga elicashile. I-pulp ingaba mhlophe ngokuphuzi noma ilula ngokuphuzi. Ukunambitheka okumuncu-okumnandi kwaleli peya kukalwe kusuka kumaphoyinti angu-4.1 kuya kwangu-4.2 ngama-tasters. Izithelo zingasetshenziswa zintsha, kanye nokulungiselela ama-marinade, ama-compotes namajusi... Inani elikhulu likashukela, izinto ezincibilikayo nezomile novithamini P kwatholakala ekubunjweni kwamapheya.
Izinhlobonhlobo zeChizhovskaya zingezenzalo zaphakathi nesizini ezivuthwa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kokwindla. (Agasti Septhemba). Izithelo zingahlala emagatsheni isikhathi eside, kepha yini ethakazelisa kakhulu, ivuthwe ngokuphelele, uma iwele enhlabathini ethambile noma otshanini, azonakalisi futhi zigcinwa isikhathi esingangesonto. Ekushiseni kwama-degree ama-0, izithelo zigcinwa kusuka ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya kwezingu-4... Izithelo zimelana ngokuphelele nokuhamba kwebanga elide.
Njengoba ipheya laseChizhovskaya lisetha izithelo kuphela nge-cross-pollination (ecishe ibe yivundile), ukuze kutholwe isivuno esivamile futhi esikhulu, izinhlobo ezithile zitshalwa eduze kwaso - impova (Rogneda, Severyanka, Lada). Imvamisa zitholakala ebangeni lamamitha ama-4 kuye kwayi-5 ukusuka enhlobonhlobo enkulu.
Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zithandwa kakhulu ngabalimi ngoba izihlahla ziqala ukuthela izitshalo eminyakeni eyi-3-4 yokulima futhi kwenzeka njalo. Izinhlobo zabantu abadala zingakhiqiza kufika kuma-50 kilograms isihlahla ngasinye.
Ubuhle nobubi
Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo, ipheya leChizhovskaya ligqama:
- kuhle kakhulu ukumelana notwayi nakwezinye izifo;
- phezulu ukuqina kwasebusika;
- ukukhuthazela ezimweni ezimbi zezulu.
Okubi kubandakanya ukwehla okubonakalayo kwesisindo sesithelo ngokukhula kweminyaka kwesihlahla. Uma amapheya amancane enezithelo ezinesisindo esingu-110-140 amagremu, lapho eneminyaka engu-10 anesisindo esingama-80-90 amagremu.
Ukukhethwa kwesihlalo nokufika
Ngokutshala ipheya leChizhovskaya, bakhetha izindawo ezikhanyisiwe ngenhlabathi evulekile, evulekile nenani elanele lezakhamzimba. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba atholakala ekujuleni okukhulu.
Ukwindla kubhekwa njengesikhathi esifanele sokutshala.lapho isikhathi sokukhula sesiphelile ngokuphelele (amaqabunga asuke endiza ngokuphelele). Kepha ungakwenza lokhu entwasahlobo, kuze kube yilapho efihlekile ivusa (ukuqala kwenkathi ekhulayo).
Umgodi wokutshala umbiwe ngo-60 ngo-60 kuya ku-80 cm ngosayizi. Uma inhlabathi esakhiweni somuntu siqu noma i-dacha imbi, khona-ke ubukhulu bomgodi bunyuswa ngo-20-30 cm. Uma umhlaba ungubumba, khona-ke amanzi kufanele athelwe phansi komgodi, okufanele ube nesihlabathi nohlalu noma imfucumfucu encane. Ukuphakama kwesendlalelo kungahluka kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-15 cm.
Lapho kunesihlabathi esiningi emhlabathini, inhlabathi yobumba ithelwa ezansi nomgodi ungqimba luka-5 kuya ku-10 cm... Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi amanzi nezakhamzimba kungasheshe kuye ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zomhlaba.
Kungcono ukuthenga izithombo zokutshala uneminyaka engu-1 kuya kwengu-3. Kepha izihlahla ezineminyaka engu-1-2 ubudala ziyagxila futhi zikhule ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuphakama kwezithombo ezinjalo zohlobo lweChizhovskaya kuvamise ukusukela kumamitha ayi-1.3 kuye ku-1.8. Ubude bezimpande kufanele okungenani bube ngu-20 cm, futhi ubukhulu besiqu kufanele bube ngaphezu kuka-1-1.5 cm.
Ngaphambi kokutshala, kungakuhle ukwelapha uhlelo lwempande ngesixazululo se-heteroauxin noma enye into evuselelayo yokukhula kwezimpande.... Izimpande zifakwe amahora amathathu kuya kwangu-12. Ngaphambi kokutshala, ziyahlolwa, ziphuke, zomiswe futhi zifushane kakhulu.
Izimpande emgodini wokutshala kufanele zivumelane ngokukhululekile nangokulinganayo. Ukulala ingxube yobumba iyalungiswa kusuka enhlabathini evundile, umquba obolile ngokuphelele (i-humus), kanye ne-potassium sulfate (ama-350 amagremu) ne-superphosphate (ama-350 amagremu). Okokuqala, inhlabathi enhle yensimu ithululelwa ezimpandeni (ngongqimba ka-10 kuye ku-15 cm), bese - ngenhlanganisela yomanyolo wamaminerali.
Qiniseka ukuthi uqinisekisa ukuthi azikho izimbotshana ezingenalutho phakathi kwezimpande. Ngemuva kokugcwalisa umgodi ngesigamu, uwunyathele phansi kancane ukuze umhlaba uthinte izimpande.
Ngemuva kokutshala, chitha amanzi amaningi endaweni yokutshala bese uphakamisa inhlabathi egugayo. Kunconywa ukugubha ubuso bomhlaba ozungeze isiqu (ikhava) nge-peat, amakhoba, izingodo zezinkuni noma i-sawdust. Le ndlela isiza ukugcina umswakama emhlabathini, ivimbela ukuhlangana futhi ivimbele inani elikhulu lokhula ukuthi lingaveli.
Ungakhohlwa ukubeka isikhonkwane phakathi kwezimpande lapho utshala, esizobamba isithombo ngesikhathi sezulu esibi.
Ukunakekelwa kwamapheya eChizhovskaya
Ukunakekela ipheya yezinhlobonhlobo zeChizhovskaya kuqukethe ukondla, ukuchelela, ukuthena nokulwa nezifo nezinambuzane.
Ukunisela
Ukunisela njalo phakathi nenkathi kuphela kwamapheya amancane eminyakeni yokuqala engu-3-4 emva kokutshala. Lapho kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inhlabathi icwilisiwe ekujuleni okugcwele kwezimpande... Ukunisela okunjalo kusiza ukusungulwa okusheshayo nokukhula okuhle kwezitshalo.
Izihlahla ezivuthiwe ziniselwa izikhathi ezimbalwa kuphela ngesizini (kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-7), kepha amanzi akufanele agcinwe. Qiniseka ukuthi unisela amapheya ngaphambi kokuqhakaza futhi ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqhakaza., kanye nasekwindla (ekupheleni kwesizini).
Ngemuva kokunisela noma imvula enkulu, inhlabathi ezungeze isiqu iyaxegiswa ibe ngamasentimitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-15.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu
Ukuze le nhlobonhlobo yamapheya ikhule kahle, ithuthuke futhi inikeze isivuno, ukudla okwengeziwe kuyadingeka. Izithombo zondliwa kanye ngonyaka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo... Ukuze wenze lokhu, umbuthano wesiqu ugcwele umquba obolile (ukuphakama kwesendlalelo kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-6 cm), futhi kufakwa umanyolo wamaminerali (azofoska noma iKemira). Isihlahla esisodwa sanele kusuka ku-100 kuya ku-150 amagremu.
Izihlahla zamapharele ezivuthiwe zondliwa ekwindla ngesikhathi sokumba... Ukwenza lokhu, sebenzisa ubulongwe benkomo obuboshwe uhhafu noma eminye imanyolo ephilayo. Udinga futhi ukwengeza i-potassium sulfate ne-superphosphate (250-350 amagremu lilinye). Ukuze umanyolo ufinyelele ezimpandeni ngobuningi obanele, usakazeke ebubanzini besicoco futhi uvalwe ngesikhathi sokumba kufinyelele okungenani ku-35 cm.
Kubanjwe futhi ukondla okwengeziwe, engalawula ingxenye yobukhulu besivuno. Uma inani lezithelo esihlahleni lincane, khona-ke ukondla kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuwa kwe-ovary. Futhi uma kunezithelo eziningi, khona-ke ukondla kwenziwa ngemuva kokuwa kwamaqanda.
Ukuthena
Izihlahla ezisanda kutshalwa ziyathenwa kuphela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, noma ngabe zitshalwe ekwindla. Lapho uthena izithombo, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi amagatsha asemaceleni kufanele abekwe esiqwini okungenani ama-50-70 cm ukusuka emhlabathini... Ubude bazo abufanele budlule amasentimitha angama-30 kuya kwengama-40.Ihlumela eliphakathi nendawo liyancishiswa ukuze likhuphuke libe ngamasentimitha ayi-15 kuya kwangu-30 ngaphezu kwegatsha eliphakeme kakhulu.
Ngamapheya amadala, ukuthena kwenziwa kabili ngonyaka.... Ngesikhathi sokuthena indle, kususwa wonke amahlumela aphukile, abunile kanye nezifo, kanye namagatsha amadala. Kwesinye isikhathi, ukwenza izihlahla ezivuselelayo kwenziwa, ngosizo lokuthi ukukhula okukhulu kwesitshalo kubuyiselwe futhi kugcinwe ezingeni elihle, kanye nenani lamachashazi ezimbali alawulwa.
Lapho wenza izihlahla ezilwa nokuguga qiniseka ukusika amagatsha angapheli kuze kube yiminyaka engama-3-5 ubudala nangaphezulu. Kubalulekile ukuqapha ukukhula konyaka. Uma ingaphansi kuka-15-20 cm, ukuthena kwenziwa kubuthakathaka (ngamagatsha aneminyaka engu-2-3 ubudala). Uma ubukhulu bokukhula bungaphansi kuka-15 cm, khona-ke amahlumela anqunywa emagatsheni amadala. Ukuvikela umqhele ukuthi ungabi mkhulu, ingxenye yamagatsha ezithelo ngaphakathi kwawo iyasuswa.
Izinambuzane kanye nokulwa nazo
I-Pear Chizhovskaya ingahlaselwa yizinambuzane ezilandelayo: i-apuli eluhlaza, ibhungane eliphakathi kwezinyosi (uju lwenyosi), isinambuzane saseCalifornia, isinambuzane esiphakathi kwe-pear, i-pear gall mite, i-apula liqhakaza ibhungane kanye ne-bukarka.
Izibungu zeBukarka bondle izicubu zeqabunga kanye nama-ovari wezithelo, ngenxa yalokho amaqabunga nama-ovari aqhuma. Ukubhubhisa lesi silokazane, kusetshenziswa amalungiselelo okubulala izinambuzane anezinto eziningi, isibonelo, i-Engio.
I-Apple iqhakaza amabhungane ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, badla imiqumbe evuvukile badle nengaphakathi labo. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlasela, izinso zilahlekelwa ijusi. Izibungu zebhungane lembali, ezibekwe efihlekile, zondla i-pistil kanye ne-stamens. Izimbali ziqala ziphenduke zibe nsundu bese ziyoma. Izidakamizwa ezilandelayo zilungele ukulwa nayo: Iskra, Fufanol, Karate, Fastak noSherpa. Imvamisa kwenziwa ukwelashwa okukodwa kuphela.
Izifo
Phakathi kwezifo eziyingozi kakhulu kulokhu kuhlukahluka kwamapheya kukhona i-cytosporosis, umdlavuza wezimpande namakhaza.
I-Cytosporosis kuvame ukuvela emagxolweni esiqu kanye namagatsha angapheli akha uhlaka lomuthi. Ibonakala njengendawo ebomvu ngokubomvu, icindezeleke kancane ngaphakathi. Ngokushesha, kuvela imifantu emikhulu emaphethelweni ebala nasemahlathini aphilile, bese kuthi amagxolo asesitsheni athambe. Uma lesi sifo sivele maduzane, khona-ke ibala lihlanzwa kahle, liphathwe nge-sulfate yethusi kanye ne-varnish engadini ekhethekile.
Ama-break Frost kuvela ukwehla okuqinile kwezinga lokushisa, lapho izingqimba zangaphandle zesihlahla zipholile kakhulu kunezingaphakathi. Izikhala ezibangelwa iqhwa zihlehliselwa izinkuni ezinempilo, bese ziphathwa nge-Bordeaux liquid noma i-copper sulfate bese zimbozwa nge-pitch.
Umdlavuza womsuka ivela emapheya ngendlela yokuphuma ezindaweni zokuxhunyelelwa, eduze kwekhola lempande nasezimpandeni. Ekuqaleni, ukukhula okuthambile kuyanda ngosayizi futhi kuqinise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuvela komdlavuza wezimpande kuholela ekumisweni kokukhula nokuthuthuka kwezihlahla ezisencane. Akunamthelela omubi kumapheya amadala.
Ukuvikela lesi sifo ukuthi singaveli engadini yakho, udinga ukuthenga izithombo ezinempilo ezindaweni zokugcina izimboni... Futhi ungazitshale endaweni lapho izihlahla zezithelo ezinegciwane zikhule khona.
Ukubuyekeza
Borovchanka: Satshala isihlahla samapheya iChizhovskaya endlini yasemaphandleni ngaseBorovsk ngo-1998 njengesithombo esinonyaka owodwa ubudala. Isihlahla sakhula ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Yize isiza sisegqumeni futhi sishaywa kakhulu yimimoya, asikaze siqine. Minyaka yonke besilangazelela okungenani isithelo esisodwa ukusinambitha. Izikhathi ezimbalwa kube nezithelo eziningana, kepha asizitholanga. Ngenkathi sibuya futhi, izinyoni sezivele zikwazile ukuziphuza, zawa. Kodwa ukubekezela kwethu kuye kwavuzwa! Sithole isivuno esihle nyakenye! Ubuhle bethu babubukeka bukanokusho ngezithelo kangangokuthi saxolisa ngokumncisha ingubo enjalo! Umyeni wajabula njengengane, futhi wacindezela ngokucophelela amapheya kuye. Ukunambitheka kwalokhu kuhlukahluka kuyamangalisa. I-pulp inamanzi amaningi, imnandi. Futhi yeka iphunga !!! Ungakhula ngokuphephile lokhu kuhlukahluka ezimeni zethu. Isithangami Sezwe
I-Syoma: Pear Chizhovskaya waqala ukuthela izithelo iminyaka emibili ngemuva kokutshala isithombo, uthela izithelo njalo ngonyaka. Isithwathwa ebusika kanye nesomiso siyabekezelela ngaphandle kwemiphumela ebonakalayo. Inkanyezi yensimu