Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba minyaka yonke kokutshala izitshalo ezahlukahlukene kuyawunciphisa kakhulu umhlabathi, kunciphise kakhulu ukuzala kwawo. Kunezindlela eziningi zokunxephezela ukuntuleka kwezakhi kuwo, okuthandwa kakhulu ukuhlwanyela umquba oluhlaza. Kepha uzozihlwanyela kanjani futhi nini, uzongcwaba nini, kungenzeka yini ukutshala ekwindla, noma kungcono ukuzitshala entwasahlobo? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo uzozithola ngezansi.
Yini ama-siderates
ISiderata ibizwa ngezitshalo ezinekhono lokubuyisela ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, ikunothisa ngezinto zokulandela umkhondo ezibalulekile, ngaphandle kwazo okungekho zimila ezijwayelekile zanoma yisiphi isivuno sezithelo ezingenakwenzeka.
Okukhethekile kwezitshalo ze-nursery ukuthi esikhathini esifushane kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale umanyolo ohlukile ohlaza, ocebile ngezinto eziwusizo:
- i-nitrogen;
- i-calcium;
- zinc;
- i-magnesium;
- insimbi nabanye abaningi. UDkt.
Ngaphezu kokuzala okwandayo, izilimo zikamanyolo oluhlaza ziqeda izifo, zisize ukuqeda izibungu nezinambuzane.
Ngemuva kokutholakala kwezifo nezinambuzane embhedeni wesizini, kumane nje kudingekile ukuvuselela inhlabathi. Ukusetshenziswa komquba oluhlaza ngale njongo kuyindlela engabizi futhi elula.
Izinzuzo nezingozi zokufika
Ungahlola izinzuzo zezitshalo zomquba eziluhlaza ngezindawo zazo eziwusizo:
- ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zezingane zokuphulukisa inhlabathi kuyinqubo engokwemvelo, ekhombisa ukuphepha;
- Ukubuyiselwa kokuzala nokwenza ngcono ukwakheka kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje (ngaphambi kokubola kwesisindo esiluhlaza);
- ukuvimbela ukwakheka kokuguguleka;
- uhlobo lokukhulelwa luyamukeleka kuma-microorganism ahlala emhlabathini;
- umquba oluhlaza ucindezela ukukhula kokhula;
- uhlelo lwempande olungena ngokujulile lwezitshalo lwenza umhlabathi ungakhululeki, ngaleyo ndlela lukhuphule ukungena kwalo emoyeni nasomswakama;
- umquba oluhlaza okhulisiwe umane umbiwe esizeni, asikho isidingo sokuwaqoqa, uwathwale, uwahambise phezu kwensimu;
- ukutshalwa komhlaba ngamanyolo aluhlaza kuhlanza amagciwane ayingozi, izinhlamvu, izibungu zezilokazane nezinambuzane ngokwazo.
Ezingxoxweni zabalimi, kukhona nokubuyekezwa okungalungile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zomquba eziluhlaza. Isibonelo, lapho utshala i-clover emnandi, ukuhluma kwamahlumela kubonakala iminyaka eminingana. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi leli siko lihlala njalo, ngakho-ke ngeke kwenzeke ukususa utshani ngonyaka owodwa. Othile ukubheka njengokulimazayo futhi ukhetha amakhambi wonyaka.
Kulokhu, kunesincomo esisodwa kuphela - ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, udinga ukuzijwayeza nezici zomquba oluhlaza, bese wenza isinqumo ngokusetshenziswa kwawo.
Okubi kubandakanya ukugcinwa ngqo kwemigomo yokuvuna isisindo esiluhlaza.
Uma ubambelela kuze kube yilapho imbewu isakhiwa, ngeke ukwazi ukuthola umanyolo osezingeni eliphakeme.... Kulesi sigaba, iziqu ziyaqina. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi ungaphuthelwa ukuqala kokuqhakaza, lapho isitshalo sigcwele inani eliphakeme lama-micronutrients futhi sigcina isakhiwo esibucayi seziqu namahlamvu.
Izinhlobonhlobo zama-siderates nemithetho yokutshala
Amafutha isithombo
Isiko li-melliferous, ifolishi, futhi lisetshenziswa njengomanyolo oluhlaza. Utshani bucebisa inhlabathi ngama-humus nezinto eziphilayo. Ukuba khona kwamafutha abalulekile ekwakhiweni kunikeza umphumela wokuvimbela izinambuzane nezifo zefungal. Isithombo sikaphethiloli sisetshenziselwa ukulwa nama-wireworms nama-nematode.
Ukuhlwanyela umquba oluhlaza kuhlelwe kusuka entwasahlobo kuye ekwindla. Asikho isidingo esikhethekile senhlabathi, kepha isiko alisebenzi kahle endaweni ene-asidi.
Udinga ukusika imifino ukuze isetshenziswe njengomanyolo amasonto ama-5-7 enkathi yokukhula. Ukuhlanzwa kwekwindla kumele kuqedwe emavikini amabili ngaphambi kokuba umhlaba umiswe. Kungcono ukuyivala emhlabathini ngefosholo noma ngomlimi.
Irayi yonyaka
Esinye sezitshalo ezithandwa kakhulu kuma-cottage ehlobo yi-rye. Isiko alinakuzithoba ngohlobo lomhlabathi, limelana nesimo sezulu esomile. Izindlela ezilula zezolimo zihlanganiswa nezakhiwo ezilusizo zomquba oluhlaza:
- ikhanyisa inhlabathi eminyene;
- kucindezela ukhula;
- kuvimbela izinhlamvu zefungal, kusiza ukuqeda i-nematode;
- kwandisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi.
Ukuhlwanyela kuhlelwe kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuze kube ngumhla ka-20 Septhemba. Ubuningi obuluhlaza buyakha ngokushesha, bakhe izihlahlana eziminyene. Lapho ukuphakama kobuhlaza kufinyelela ku-15-20 cm, ingxenye engaphezulu iyanqunywa futhi ibethelwe emhlabathini.
I-Phacelia yenhlabathi enhle
I-Phacelia ayinakho ukubukeka okuhle kuphela, kepha futhi inekhono lokukhanyisa inhlabathi esindayo, ibanothise ngezinto ezibalulekile zokulandela umkhondo. Isici sesitshalo sithathwa njengokuhambisana okuhle cishe nazo zonke izitshalo zensimu, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokunquma indawo eluhlaza ungatshala konke.
Umsebenzi wokuhlwanyela wenziwa entwasahlobo noma ngemuva kokuvuna (kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Agasti). Abanye abalimi batshala i-phacelia ngaphambi kobusika. Noma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlabathi lulungele ukutshala umquba oluhlaza, izimbali zikhula ngisho nasendaweni enamadwala enezakhi zomsoco ezingezinhle.
Izici zesitshalo:
- kwandisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi;
- kuvimbela ukwakheka kokuguguleka komhlaba;
- uxosha izinambuzane;
- ihlanza imvelo kumagciwane ayingozi nasezinhlamvu.
Gunda utshani ngaphambi kokuqhakaza. Uma ukuhlwanyela kwenziwa ngaphambi kobusika (ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba - Novemba), ukugunda akudingeki.
Ubusika nentwasahlobo kudlwengulwa njengomquba oluhlaza
Phakathi kwezici eziyinhloko ezisizayo zokudlwengula yikhono lokucindezela ukhula, ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, ukuligcwalisa ngama-microelements awusizo.
Kungakuhle ukutshala izinhlobo zasentwasahlobo ngasekupheleni kukaMashi noma ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. Ukusikwa kwenziwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-35-45. Ukudlwengulwa ebusika kutshalwa kusukela ngo-Agasti kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Okthoba. Ingxenye engaphezulu kufanele isikwe ngaphambi kokuqhakaza.
Lapho utshala izaqathe esitshalweni semifino, ukwanda kwesivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezitshalo zezimpande kuyabonakala.
Ukufaka isinaphi entwasahlobo nasekwindla
I-Siderat ibhekana ngokuphelele nokuhlanza inhlabathi kusuka kutwayi, ukulimala sekwephuzile, umlenze omnyama nezinye izifo. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwamafutha abalulekile, lesi sitshalo sixosha izinambuzane (i-nematode, i-wireworm, njll.). Isinaphi sikhula cishe kunoma yimuphi umhlabathi, sakha masinyane uhlaza oluhlaza.
Ngemuva kokushumeka, inhlabathi ithuthukiswa nge-phosphorus, i-potassium, isulfure namanye ama-microelements. Ungahlwanyela isitshalo emibhedeni nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kuyadingeka ukusika esiteji sokuqala sokuqhakaza kuze kube yilapho ama-pods akha futhi awalime ngokushesha.
Oats ebusika engadini
Isiko lithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, licebisa ngezakhi zomzimba, livimbela ukukhula kokhula. Ukumelana nokubanda kuvumela ukuhlwanyela kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuNovemba. Zisisindo se-spruce sikhula ngokwesilinganiso emavikini ama-5-7, ngemuva kwalokho siyasikwa futhi sishumekwe emhlabathini.
Lapho ikhule ngaphambi kobusika, akukho ukumba okwenziwayo.
Ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokukhulelwa, kunconywa ukuthi utshale imbewu ngokuhlangana neminye imifino eluhlaza, isibonelo, i-vetch.
Uhlwanyela nini i-lupine
Isiko elomndeni we-legume; lisetshenziswe njengomquba oluhlaza kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kusebenza ngempumelelo ikakhulukazi ukusebenzisa isitshalo enhlabathini eminyene.
ILupine ibenza bakhululeke, bacebe nge-potassium, i-nitrogen nezinye izakhamzimba. Ngemuva kokwethulwa komanyolo oluhlaza, kuhle ukutshala iklabishi, ukhukhamba, upelepele, utamatisi, amazambane. Ukugcwaliswa kwesisindo esiluhlaza kwenziwa lapho kufinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-1.5 ubudala. Isici se-lupine yikhono layo lokunciphisa imvelo ene-asidi enhlabathini.
Ukolweni wasebusika ngo-Okthoba
Ukutshala ukolweni wasebusika podzimny ezweni kubhekwa njengenketho enhle kakhulu yokwenza ngcono inhlabathi. Izimpande zayo ezinamandla zakha inhlabathi eminyene, ubukhulu obuluhlaza bugcwala nge-nitrogen, i-calcium nezinye izakhamzimba. Ngenxa yezindawo ezomisa inhlabathi, kunconywa ukuthi utshale ukolweni ngokuhlangana nomunye umquba oluhlaza.
Ukuhlwanyela kuhlelwe ukuwa. Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokutshala isivuno esikhulu (amasonto ama-2-4), umhlaba kufanele umbiwe.
Ithebula lokuqhathanisa lomquba oluhlaza nezinsuku zokuhlwanyela
Ukuhlaziywa kokuqhathanisa komquba oluhlaza | ||||||
Igama | buhle | Ubuncane | Isikhathi ukufika | Isikimu ukuhlwanyela | Ukulungela uku ukugunda | Okujwayelekile imbewu (gr.) vula aluka |
Isinaphi | kunciphisa ukuvuza kwamaminerali, kukhulula ungqimba olungezansi lomhlaba, isitshalo sezinyosi esihle kakhulu, kukhiphe phosphates okunzima ukuncibilika | ayikwazi ukutshalwa ngaphambi kokutshala iziphambano, imbewu yezitshalo iheha izinyoni | Mashi-Agasti | imigqa, ukujula kwe-seeding 3 cm, isikhala semigqa - 20 cm | Izinyanga eziyi-1.5 | 300-400 |
ILupine | ungena ujule enhlabathini, ayikhululeke, anciphise i-asidi | ikhula kabi enhlabathini engathathi hlangothi ne-alkaline, ithanda ukukhululeka | Ephreli | imigqa, izikhala zemigqa engama-20 cm, ukutshala ukujula okungu-2-4 cm | Izinyanga eziyi-1.5 | 300 |
Ukolweni wasebusika | isusa kahle ukhula, ithuthukisa inhlabathi ngezakhi zomsoco | ingasetshenziswanga ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela okusanhlamvu, iheha i-wireworm | Agasti-Okthoba | ngezikhathi ezithile, ukutshala ukujula 3-4 cm | ukuphakama kwemvelo eyi-15-20 cm | 2000 |
Oats | kukhulula inhlabathi, kuyinothise nge-nitrogen, i-calcium, kukhule kunoma iyiphi indawo, ukuhambisana okuhle nezitshalo eziningi zasengadini | inani elincane lobunzima obuhlaza, ukufuna ukuchelela, ukungabekezelelani kokushisa | ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo | ngemigqa noma ehlakazekile, ukucwiliswa ukucwilisa 2-3 cm | Izinyanga eziyi-1-1.5 | 1500-2000 |
Ukudlwengula (ubusika / intwasahlobo) | isusa ukhula, ithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, ikhula masisha uhlaza | usike uneminyaka engengaphansi kwamasonto ayi-7, ngakho-ke uqoqa ubuthi uqobo njengoba ukhula | Mashi-Agasti | ngezikhathi ezithile, ukujula kokucwiliswa emhlabathini 3-4 cm | Izinyanga eziyi-1-1.5 | 200 |
Phacelia | isitshalo sezinyosi esihle kakhulu, sicindezela i-nematode, sicebisa nge-nitrogen, sivimbela ukukhula kokhula | izindleko eziphezulu zembewu | Mashi-Agasti | imigqa, ukushumeka ukujula 2-4 cm | Izinyanga eziyi-1-1.5 | 120 |
Amafutha isithombo | kucindezela ukukhula kokhula, kuhlanza inhlabathi ezifweni, kumatode, kuthuthukisa ukwakheka | okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen ephansi ku-biomass, akukwazi ukutshalwa ngaphambi kokutshala iklabishi | Ephreli-Agasti | tshala emigqeni, utshale ukujula okungu-3-4 cm, isikhala semigqa - 15 cm | Izinyanga eziyi-1.5-2 | 200 |
Rye | icindezela ukhula, ithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, icindezela amagciwane amancane ayingozi | isitshalo sithanda umswakama, ngakho-ke sisikhipha kakhulu, kungcono ukutshala ezindaweni lapho kungekho zinkinga ngemvula | kusuka ngo-Agasti 25 kuya kuSepthemba 20 | ngezikhathi noma emigqeni, ukutshala ukujula okungu-3 cm | ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwenqwaba eluhlaza | 2500 |
Uma ukhetha umquba oluhlaza engadini yemifino, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubheka umphumela wayo ezitshalweni ezihlelelwe ukutshalwa enhlabathini enempilo.