Izinhlobonhlobo zama-apula ase-Antonovka kube ngesinye sezikhathi eziningi kakhulu eRussia, eBelarus nase-Ukraine. FUTHI kubonakala kufanele ingxenye yayo enkulu ingabi kubalimi, kepha kubalimi be-amateur... Kungokwesigaba sokukhethwa kwabantu. Ungazijwayeza ngencazelo kanye nokubuyekezwa kwabalimi ngalezi zinhlobonhlobo ezingezansi.
Umlando wokubonakala kokuhlukahluka
Naphezu kokuthandwa kwayo, i-Antonovka ingeyalezo zinhlobonhlobo, umsuka wazo ongaziwa ncamashi. Kukholakala ukuthi uyinto evamile i-hybrid ye-cultivar ene-apula lehlathi lasendle.
Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Antonovka akuwona umphumela womsebenzi wabafuyi. Ukweleta ukubukeka kwakhe kubalimi bezimfundamakhwela.
Kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi wayevela ezifundeni zaseKursk noma eTula... Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zachazwa okokuqala ngo-1848 ngu-N.I. UKrasnoglazov emsebenzini wakhe "Imithetho yezithelo ezikhula emhlabathini ovulekile, zokugcina izithombo, zokugcina izithombo."
Ngo-1896 iS.V. UBatov (owayehlala eTula ngaleso sikhathi) wethula iTula Antonovka (ngamanye amagama, "Spirit") embukisweni waseNizhny Novgorod. Ngokusho kwakhe, isihlahla se-apula saqanjwa ngo-Antonovka sivela egameni lensimu u-Anton, owazala okokuqala ngqa esikhathini sakudala. Futhi igama "umoya" lavela ngenxa yephunga elinamandla ("umoya") wesithelo.
Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-Antonovka azichazwanga kunoma iyiphi i-A.T. I-Bolotov (futhi kunezine zazo), ebeziqukethe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-660 zama-apula nepheya. Futhi ngo-1906, encwadini yakhe ethi Atlas of Fruits, A.S. U-Grebnitsky wabhala ukuthi u-Antonovka usehlukanisile isikhathi eside kakhulu, kepha indawo adabuka kuyo ayaziwa.
Ukuchaza la maqiniso amabili angahambisani, kunomqondo wokuthi U-Antonovka wayeseserejista kaBolotov, kodwa ngaphansi kwegama elehlukile... Ngalezo zinsuku, kwakunzima ukuqonda izinhlobo, kwakukhona ukudideka ngamagama abo. Lesi sitshalo esisodwa ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene singabizwa ngokuhlukile. Futhi uBototov ngokwakhe akazange ashiye ithuba elinjalo.
I-Antonovka yahlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezahlukile ngekhulu le-19... Encwadini ethi "Russian Apples" isazi semithi yama-pomologist uM. URytov wakhomba futhi wachaza izinhlobo eziyi-17. Futhi ngo-1929 I.V. UMichurin ubalule "izinhlobo" ezingama-26 ze-Antonovka. Ngo-1981, eyanyatheliswa ngu-E. "Ikhathalogu yezinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla zama-apula" kaSedov yagcizelela ukuthi inani elikhulu kangaka lezinhlobo lavela ngenxa yokuthandwa kwe-Antonovka phakathi kwabalimi.
Izinhlobo ze-Antonovka: igolide, imrus, i-bogatyr nabanye
Njengamanje Izinhlobo ezingama-25 zenziwa ngesisekelo se-Antonovka ezejwayelekile... Phakathi kwazo kukhona:
- Igolide
- Imrus
- I-Bogatyr
- Inkumbulo kaQhawe
- okusamathunduluka
- I-Orlovim
- ubungane babantu
- Mashi.
Izindawo ezikhulayo zesihlahla se-apula
Namuhla, i-Antonovka ingatholakala eMoscow, eBryansk, eRyazan, e-Oryol, eKursk, eVaronezh, ePenza, eKaluga, eTula esifundeni saseRussia, nase-Ukraine naseBelarus.
Ezinye izinhlobo zitshalwa ngisho nase-Altai, Urals, Siberia naseFar East..
Incazelo yezihlahla
Isihlahla esijwayelekile se-Antonovka sinamandla, sinomqhele we-oval. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iba yindilinga futhi isakazeke. Amagatsha amakhulu ayakhula futhi akhule aye ezinhlangothini eminyakeni edlule... Le nqubo iqala kanyekanye nezithelo. Amagatsha namahlumela amancane ambozwe amagxolo ansundu.
Amaqabunga aluhlaza okotshani, ama-oblong, ahlanganiswe emaphethelweni. Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, ama-inflorescence makhulu, amhlophe noma ahlanganiswe ne-pink.
Izithelo
I-Antonovka ingeyezinhlobo zasebusika zakuqala noma sekwephuzile ekwindla. Imvamisa, izithelo ziqala ukuvunwa engxenyeni yesibili kaSepthemba.... I-Antonovka Ordinary ingenye yezihlahla ezikhiqiza kakhulu. Isihlahla siqala ukuthela izithelo eminyakeni eyi-7-8 (ngemuva kokuhluma). Ezimpandeni zemifino, isivuno sokuqala singavunwa eminyakeni emibili edlule emva kokutshala.
Ukuthwala i-Antonovka kuqala ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka engu-7-8 ngemuva kokutshala.
Izithelo ze-Antonovka vulgaris inkulu enesimo esiyindilinga. Izimbambo zishiwo ngokuqinile engxenyeni engezansi. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, ziluhlaza ngombala ophuzi. Ephuzi ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokugcina. I-pulp uqobo ilula, imnandi, inokunambitheka okumuncu okumuncu.
I-Antonovka yegolide ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kungabangelwa ngisho nezinhlobo zasehlobo. Izithelo zakhe zimnandi futhi zithambile. Ama-apula ngamanye angaba nesisindo esifinyelela ku-160 gram. Futhi baqala ukuwaqoqa ekupheleni kuka-Agasti.
Ukukhiqiza nesikhathi sokuvuna
Inani lama-aphula liyakhula njengoba isihlahla sikhula. Izithelo ezingafika kuma-200 kilograms zingavunwa esihlahleni esineminyaka engamashumi amabili ngonyaka (200 kg / ha). Kwakunezimo lapho kuvunwa kuze kufike ku-500-1000 kilogram yama-apula esihlahleni esisodwa se-Antonovka. Ekuqaleni, ukuthela okuvamile. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iba ngezikhathi ezithile (njalo eminyakeni emibili).
Isivuno esihlahleni esisodwa se-Antonovka ngonyaka sifinyelela ku-150-200 kg.
Izithelo ze-Antonovka zivuthwa ekupheleni kukaSepthemba - Okthoba. Ubuqili obukhulu ukukhetha ama-apula ngaphambi kweqhwa lokuqala, futhi azovuthwa endaweni epholile. Ama-apula akulungele ukukhethwa lapho kuvela umbala ophuzi kumbala wawo, kepha ukuthungwa kusamile.
Ukuze izithelo zigcinwe isikhathi eside, kufanele zikhethwe ngesandla... Uma unyakazisa isihlahla, ama-apula azowa bese eshaya phansi. Futhi kulezi zindawo bazoqala ukonakala ngokuzayo. Qoqa izithelo emabhokisini okhuni noma obhasikidi, namabhakede epulasitiki azokwenza.
Ukugcina ama-apula
Inzuzo yesithathu yokuhlukahluka isikhathi sokugcina, isikhathi esifinyelela ezinyangeni ezintathu. Ngokunakekelwa nokwelashwa okufanele, lesi sikhathi singakhuphukela ezinyangeni ezine.
Impilo eshalofini yezithelo ze-Antonovka ingaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-90. Futhi kuya ngendawo lapho kukhula khona isihlahla. Izithelo ezivunwa ezifundeni eziseningizimu zigcinwa ngokwesilinganiso amasonto amabili kuya kwamane ngaphansi.
Isici esikhethekile ukuthi isikhathi sokugcina sincike esifundeni sokukhula. Ngakho-ke, ama-apula avunwa ezindaweni ezisenyakatho angagcinwa kalula izinyanga ezine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukunambitheka kwabo kuyathuthuka kuphela. Kodwa izithelo ezivela ezifundeni eziseningizimu ziwohloka ngokushesha okukhulu.
Izinzuzo nobubi bezinhlobonhlobo
Phakathi kwezinzuzo ezinkulu ze-Antonovka kukhona okulandelayo:
- Kuhle ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene
- Phezulu Veza
- Ukumelana nezifo nesithwathwa
- Phezulu ukuthengiseka kwezithelo
- Okungenakuphindwa ukunambitheka nephunga
- Ama-apula angadliwa okusha, ofakwe nangemva kokucubungula
- Izithelo zinempahla enenzuzo eminingi, ama-antioxidants amahle.
Njengazo zonke izitshalo, I-Antonovka inezingqinamba zayo:
- Izithelo ngezikhathi ezithile
- Izithelo ezingezona zonke izinhlobo zigcinwa isikhathi eside.
Impova
I-Antonovka yisihlahla esizichumayo, okungukuthi, sidinga impova. Ilungele kangcono lezi zinhloso:
- Isafroni le-Pepin
- Welsey
- Ikhefu elinemigqa
- Anise.
Ukufika
Ezingxenyeni eziningi zeRussia, i-Antonovka itshalwe kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Okthoba... Izitshalo ezitshalwe kamuva zingase zingabi naso isikhathi sokuthatha izimpande. Uma kuhlelwe ukutshalwa kwentwasahlobo, isikhathi esihle kakhulu sako ukuphela kuka-Ephreli. Kulokhu, kungcono ukulungiselela indawo yesithombo ekwindla.
I-Loam ne-sandy loam zikulungele kakhulu ukutshala. Izinga lamanzi kufanele okungenani libe amamitha ama-3.
Kulungiswa imbobo enosayizi ongaba imitha elingu-1 ububanzi ize ibe ngu-80 cm ukujula. Lokhu kwenziwa emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokutshala. Lokhu kuzosiza isithombo ukugxila kalula, okuvumela isihlahla ukuthi sithele izithelo ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ngesikhathi sokutshala, i-turf ibekwa phansi emgodini futhi iniselwa kahle. Kufakwa isikhonkwane, ubude baso buphakeme kunezinga lomhlabathi. Ungqimba oluvundile lomhlabathi onomanyolo (amaminerali kanye ne-organic) ongafika ku-20 cm ukuphakama uthelwa ngenhla.Bese isithombo sehliswa simbozwe ngomhlaba. Kulokhu, udinga ukuthi unakekele izimpande ukuze ungazilimazi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamzimba zifinyelela ezimpandeni, wonke amaqabunga ayasuswa esitsheni.
Akunasimo lapho kufanele kungcwatshwe ikhola yezimpande. Lapho isithombo simbozwe ngokuphelele, kufanele sidonswe phezulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, ikhola yezimpande izokhuphuka kancane ngaphezu kwezinga lomhlabathi, futhi ngeke kube nomoya phakathi kwezimpande. Isithombo siboshelwe esikhonkwaneni. Lapho-ke inhlabathi iyaniselwa kakhulu, igcwele. Ngenyanga yokuqala noma ezimbili, unisele isonto ngalinye.
Izithombo ze-Antonovka zitshalwe ebangeni elingaphezu kwemitha elilodwa ukusuka komunye nomunye.
Ukunakekela
I-Antonovka ikhula kahle ngisho nasemazweni ayindlala, lapho kuvame ukuvela khona izinkinga ngengadi. Kepha ngokwemvelo, badinga ukunakekelwa okufanele.
Ukuze uthole izithelo ezingcono, izihlahla zidinga umswakama. Kepha emhlabathini onomswakama okweqile noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, enhlabathini eyomile, u-Antonovka unikeza isivuno esiphansi.
Ngemuva kwemvula enkulu, inhlabathi eseduze kwesihlahla idinga umoya.... Lokhu kungenziwa ngemfologo evamile noma ngenduku yensimbi, ngokumane ubhoboze umhlabathi ube ngamasentimitha angama-30 ukujula.Ngesikhathi sesomiso namazinga okushisa aphezulu, kanye ngesonto u-Antonovka kumele aniselwe kakhulu.
Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, ukunakekelwa okufanele kubaluleke kakhulu kwizithombo. Kufaka izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezilula:
- Ukugqoka okuphezulu Umanyolo
- Ukuvikelwa ezifweni nasezinambuzane
- Ukuxegisa umhlabathi umbuthano wesiqu nokususwa kokhula
- Ngesikhathi esifanele ukuchelela
- Ilungile ukuthena.
Enye inqubo ebalulekile ukuhlanganisa. Ngezitshalo ezivuthiwe ngokwengeziwe, isiyingi esiseduze nesiqu singahlwanyelwa ngama-siderates.
Umanyolo
Ukuze uthole izithelo ezingcono, isihlahla se-apula kufanele sondliwe amahlandla amane ngonyaka:
- 1 ukugqoka okuphezulu... Entwasahlobo, kuze kufike ukuqhakaza, i-Antonovka yondliwa nge-urea ngenani lama-50-500 g, kuya ngosayizi nobudala besihlahla. Umanyolo usakazeka phezu kwenhlabathi ngaphansi komqhele wesihlahla.
- 2 ukondla... Ngokuvela kwezimbali, umanyolo we-potash ne-phosphorus, i-slurry ne-urea zisetshenziswa.
- 3 ukondla kwenziwa ngamanyolo we-nitrogen ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwesithelo.
- Ukugqoka okuphezulu okungu-4 emva kokuvuna. I-Potassium ne-phosphorus ziyangezwa.
Ukuthena nokubumba umqhele
Kanyekanye nokudla entwasahlobo kuyadingeka ukunciphisa umqhele... Lokhu kwenziwa emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yokukhula. Ngasikhathi sinye, amagatsha omile futhi alimele, amahlumela asendle ayasuswa, umqhele uncishisiwe.
Ukuvikelwa ezifweni nasezinambuzane
I-Antonovka, njengazo zonke izitshalo, idinga ukuvikelwa ezinambuzane nasezifweni.
Kungenzeka ukubulala kufika ku-90% wezinambuzane esihlahleni ngokwelashwa ngoshevu esikhathini kuze kuvele izimbali.
Ukwenza lokhu, sebenzisa i-karbofos 0.1% noma i-rovikurt 0.1%. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, lapho kuvela izinso, sebenzisa iBordeaux liquid 3%. Yakhe, kuphela ekugxileni kwe-1%, isetshenziselwa ukulwa nezifo ngesikhathi kuchithwa amacembe. Ngenhloso efanayo, i-oxychloride 0.4% nayo iyasetshenziswa. Zonke izindlela zokwelapha ezibulala izinambuzane zenziwa kahle kusihlwa, ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga.... Ukusebenza ebusuku kuvunyelwe uma kungekho amazolo. Amaqabunga awile ayaqoqwa futhi ashiswe.
Amacimbi nezibungu ezivela ezihlahleni ziqoqwa ngesandla bese ziyaqothulwa. Iminyovu izosiza ezinambuzaneni ezinambuzane. Izitshalo zezambulela (isibonelo, idile) ezitshalwe eduze kwesihlahla sama-apula zizosiza ukuziheha esihlahleni.
Ukunambitheka okuhlukile nephunga, ukumelana nesithwathwa, impilo eshalofini ende - lezi yizici eziyinhloko eziheha abalimi... Naphezu kokuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zama-apula ezizalisayo, i-Antonovka isengenye yezinhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu nezithandwayo.