Izithelo zikatamatisi zinokudla okunomsoco, ukunambitheka kanye nezimfanelo zokudla, yingakho zibhekwa njengemifino ejwayelekile kakhulu. Ukuze bathole izithelo zakuqala, izakhamuzi eziningi zasehlobo zifaka izindlu zokugcina izithombo kusayithi lazo. Kepha ukuze ufeze imiphumela emihle yokuvunwa kukatamatisi, udinga ukwazi zonke izici zokukhula nokuthi ungatshala kanjani izitshalo ezindlini zokugcina izithombo.
Izici utamatisi okhulayo ku-greenhouse
Okokuqala, lapho kuklanywa abamba ukushisa, kuyadingeka ukuthi ucabangele ukuthi ingaphakathi linakho ukukhanyisa okwanele ngakho konke ukukhanya kwemini nokungena komoya okuhle. Uma kulula ukukufeza lokhu efulethini, ezimweni zekamelo efasiteleni, lapho ku-greenhouse udinga ukubona izici.
Ngaphambi kokutshala utamatisi, izingxenye zensimbi zesakhiwo kufanele zibulawe amagciwane ngamanzi abilayo, kuthi izingxenye zokhuni zibe ne-sulfate yethusi. Ngemuva kwale misebenzi, kunconywa ukufaka umoya wokushisa komoya usuku lonke bese uqala ukutshala isitshalo.
Izinga elihle lokusinda kwezithombo, kanye nokuthuthuka kwazo kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubheke yonke imisindo yokuqhubeka komhlahlandlela wesinyathelo ngasinye.
Ukulungisa inhlabathi yamatamatisi
Utamatisi akunconywa ukuthi kutshalwe minyaka yonke emhlabathini ofanayo... Inketho enhle ukufaka umhlabathi ngokuphelele. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, ungazikhawulela ekubulaleni amagciwane: i-Bordeaux liquid, ufulawa we-dolomite, noma umane uthele phezu kwawo ngamanzi abilayo.
Ukutshala kahle imibhede
Imichilo yokutshala iqala ukutshalwa ngesonto elilodwa ngaphambi kokutshala. Isibalo semibhede sincike kubukhulu bendlu yokushisa. Ububanzi obulungile bomzila owodwa buthathwa - 60-90 cm, nobude ngu 40 cm... Kuyadingeka ukuthi ushiye iphaseji ebanzi ngamasentimitha angama-60 phakathi kwemichilo, ngoba kulokhu kuzoba lula ukwenza umsebenzi we-agrotechnical.
Ukufaka umhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala
Uma inhlabathi ingavundile, kufanele iphakelwe isivuno esikhulu. Kunconywa ukufaka i-humus enhlabathini yobumba ngesilinganiso se-10 kg. nge-1 sq.m. futhi 1 tbsp. l. i-potassium sulfate no-2 tbsp. i-superphosphate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umanyolo udinga ukumba kahle ngenhlabathi.
Ngaphandle kokuthela kwenhlabathi, ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo, kufanele iniselwe ngesisombululo se-potassium permanganate ngesilinganiso se-1 g ngamalitha ayi-10. amanzi.
Uhlelo lokufika
Ukuze utamatisi athole inani elanele lokukhanya nezakhi zomzimba ngesikhathi sokukhula, kubalulekile ukuhlela kahle indawo yokutshala kusengaphambili. Ngokuya ngezincomo zochwepheshe, uhlelo lokutshala utamatisi luncike ezinhlotsheni zazo.
Ngakho-ke, kubhekwa isixazululo esifanelekile ukuhleleka kwebhodi lokuhlola, ngebanga elilandelayo:
- Izinhlobo ezikhula kancane... Ukuze lolu hlobo lukatamatisi lithole ukukhanya okuhle, kunconywa ukuthi ulutshhale emaphethelweni we-greenhouse. Ibanga phakathi kwezitshalo kufanele libe ngu-30 - 40 cm, esikhaleni semigqa - 50 cm.
- Izinhlobo ze-Columnar... Utamatisi onjalo utshalwe maphakathi nommango, kucatshangelwa ibanga eliphakathi kwezihlahla ezingama-20 - 25 cm, phakathi kwemigqa engama-40 - 45 cm.
- Izitshalo ezide... Izinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo zitshalwa emgodini eceleni kwephakathi eliphakathi. Iphethini yokutshala ingama-50 - 55 cm phakathi kwezitshalo zilandelana no-65 - 70 cm phakathi kwezitshalo.
Uma usebenzisa lolu hlelo, utamatisi ngeke uphazamisane ngesikhathi sokukhula, futhi lokhu kuzosiza ekuvuneni kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezikhula ngokushesha.
Ukutshala izithombo
Isikhathi esihle sokutshala izithombo kubhekwa Izinyanga eziyi-1.5... Ngalesi sikhathi, impande yetamatisi isivele yathuthuka ngokwanele futhi iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha. Inqubo yokufika uqobo yayo yenzeka ngezigaba eziningana, ngokulandelayo:
- Emaminithini angama-20. ngaphambi kokutshala, utamatisi kufanele uchitheke kahle ngamanzi (kulokhu, uhlelo lwempande luzolimala kancane ngesikhathi sokufakelwa kabusha).
- Endaweni ehlosiwe, kumbiwa umgodi ngobubanzi 20-25 cm nokujula 15-20 cm.
- Kufakwa isikhonkwane emgodini ukuze kuqhubeke ukuxhasa isitshalo.
- Umgodi uniselwa kakhulu ngamanzi.
- Izithombo zikhishwa ngokucophelela zibekwe zibheke phezulu ekhefini.
- Isithombo simbozwe inhlabathi.
Ngemuva kokufakelwa kabusha, kuyadingeka ukubopha isithombo esikhonkwaneni bese wenza imbobo encane ezungeze umbuthano wesiqu.
Izidingo zokunakekelwa
Ikhwalithi nobungako botamatisi buxhomeke ngqo emsebenzini wezolimo, ngakho-ke akufanele ungawanaki.
Izidingo eziyinhloko zokunakekelwa zifaka:
- ukugcina izinga lokushisa elidingekayo;
- ukuchelela;
- ukondla.
Ngokufeza lezi zidingo eziyisisekelo, kuzokwazi futhi ukusheshisa ukuvuthwa kwezithelo.
Ukushisa kwamakamelo
Ngezinsuku ezishisayo, umoya obamba ukushisa ubamba ukushisa ngokushesha kuze kufike emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, nawo athinte kabi izithombo. Uqala ukufiphala, akhule kahle futhi ekugcineni angavele afe.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuzuzwe ukushisa okunconyiwe Iziqu ezingama-25, lapho isitshalo sikhula kahle khona, kuyadingeka ukuthi uvuse njalo igumbi.
Ukunisela
Ukunisela kokuqala kufanele kwenziwe Izinsuku ezingama-5-6 ngemuva kokwehla izitshalo. Nisela isitshalo empandeni, emgodini owakhiwe ngaphambilini. Amanzi kufanele axazululwe, afudumele, izinga lokushisa +18 ama-degree... Kunconywa ukuchelela utamatisi izikhathi ezi-2 - 3 ngesonto, ngesilinganiso samalitha angama-25. nge-1 sq.m.
Ngemuva kokuchelela, kuyadingeka ukufaka umoya ekamelweni amahora ama-2, kulokhu ukufinyela akubumbeki, okuthinta kabi impova yezitshalo nekhwalithi yezithelo.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu
Omanyolo abafakwa ngesikhathi sokutshala banele amasonto ayi-1.5, bese beqala, bashintshane ngezinsuku eziyi-11 kuya kwezingu-12 njengoba kudingeka, ukubondla nge-nitrogen nomanyolo wamaminerali.
Ukuphakelwa kokuqala kuqala ngamanyolo we-nitrogen, njenge:
- umquba obolile;
- isisombululo somquba wenkukhu;
- i-magnesium sulfate;
- i-potassium.
Lezi zimanyolo ziyakhuthaza ukukhula okusheshayo kohlaza nokumelana nezitshalo ezifweni ezahlukahlukene.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-11, ngemuva kokuphakelwa kokuqala, kufakwa umanyolo wamaminerali:
- "IKemira - inqola";
- "Isixazululo";
- i-sulfate yethusi.
Lezi zokugqoka kuzothinta ikhwalithi nevolumu yesitshalo.
Ukwelashwa okwengeziwe nge-boric acid, ngesilinganiso esingu-1 g. 1 litre. amanzi, angeke nje athuthukise ukubukeka kotamatisi futhi akhuthaze ukukhula kwezitshalo, kepha futhi engeza uvithamini C esithelweni.
Amathiphu Wabasaqalayo
Abalimi abanesipiliyoni banezimfihlo zabo zokuthola isivuno esihle futhi esinothile sokushisa okushisa ukushisa. Ngakho-ke, abaqalayo kufanele bazijwayele ngama-nuances alandelayo:
- Ngoba abamba ukushisa bakhethwa izinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe utamatisi anokukhula okulinganiselwe, ukumelana nezifo ezahlukahlukene, ngokwakhiwa kweziqu ezi-1 - 2.
- Kungcono ukutshala izithombo ze-greenhouse ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, ekuqaleni kukaMashi.
- Izitshalo ziyatshalwa ekuqaleni kuka-Maylapho inhlabathi ekujuleni ka 15-20 cm ifudumala ize ibe ngaphezu kwama-15 degrees.
- Ngaphandle kokuthi zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokugcina izithombo zinezimpova ezizimele, ukuthola izithelo ezingcono ngenkathi yokukhula, izitshalo kufanele zisuswe kancane.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, lezi zeluleko azinzima, uma zilandelwa, kuzokwenzeka ukuthi ungakhathazeki ngokuthuthuka okuhle kwezithombo.
Ungacindezela kanjani kahle
Ukuze izinto ezilandelwayo eziwusizo zingadli izihlahla, kepha zikhishwe izithelo, kuyadingeka ukuthi uphine njalo.
Inqubo uqobo ilula, isebenzisa ithenwa amagatsha aphansi 3-4 asusiwe, kwezinye izimo, futhi amahlumela aphezulu aqine. Kuyadingeka futhi ukuvimbela amahlumela amasha kusuka ohlelweni lwempande. Lapho amadodana wokutholwa evela okokuqala, kufanele asikwe ngokucophelela ngommese.
Indlela yokutshala utamatisi omkhulu - igxathu negxathu indlela
Ngaphambi kokukhetha utamatisi omkhulu, kufanele ubheke masinyane ukuthi umsebenzi we-agrotechnical uzothatha isikhathi esithe xaxa. Ukutshala izithelo ezinkulu zikatamatisi kanje:
- Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo zekhwalithi.
- Hlwanyela izithombo ezimbizeni ezihlukene.
- Ngemuva kokutshala ku-greenhouse, isithombo kufanele sikhuliswe futhi senziwe isiqu esisodwa. Ukwenza lokhu, ngezansi kwebhulashi lokuqala, susa wonke ama-stepons namahlamvu.
- Ngesikhathi sokukhula, isiqu sisontiwe ekusekeleni, ngaleyo ndlela kuvinjelwe ukuphuka kwezandla okuzayo ngaphansi kwesisindo se-fetus.
- Lapho kwakhiwa amabhulashi ama-4 - 5 esiqwini, umqhele wokukhula kufanele uphinywe.
- Ncinza njalo isizini yonke, kususwa amahlumela empande namahlumela kuma-axils amahlamvu.
- Lapho izithelo zokuqala zivela, kufanele uqaphele ukubukeka kwazo. Lapho nje izithelo zikhanya, kufanele zisuswe, kuvunyelwe sonke isivuno ukuba sivuthwe.
Ngemuva kokuthi sonke isivuno sisusiwe egatsheni, kufanele sisuswe ngosizo lomthena, ngakho-ke kuzoba nokukhanya okwengeziwe endlini yokugcina izithombo zezithelo zokugcina ezivuthayo.
Kufanele kube yini ukuphakama kokushisa
Utamatisi okhulayo endaweni yokugcina izithombo unezinkinga zayo, njenge:
- ukukhanya okunganele kunasemhlabathini ovulekile;
- ukusabalala kaningi kwezifo zezitshalo;
- ukuphazamiseka kokuhamba.
Ngakho-ke, ukuphakama kwe-greenhouse, isibonelo, okwenziwe ngefilimu, kufanele kube njalo hhayi ngaphansi kuka-2.5 m... Uma i-greenhouse inophahla lwe-gable, ungazikhawulela ekuphakameni 2 m... Kulokhu, lapho utshala futhi wenza umsebenzi we-agrotechnical, ngeke kudingeke ukugoba phansi, futhi ukuphakama okunjalo kuzosiza ekusakazeni kangcono umoya ohlanzekile kanye nethuba lokutshala izinhlobo eziphezulu zezitshalo.
Sitshala utamatisi okhule ngokweqile endlini abamba ukushisa
Imvamisa kwenzeka ukuthi utamatisi uphuma ngaphambi kokutshala. Kulokhu, izimbobo zokutshala izithombo zilungiselelwe, zigxile ohlelweni lwempande kanye ne-1/3 yesiqu. Njengoba umkhuba ukhombisa, ngokwesilinganiso, ukujula kwefossa 40 cm.
Ngokungafani nokutshala okuvamile, izithombo ezikhule ngokweqile azitshalwa zimile, kepha zithambekele kancane.
Ngakho-ke, izimpande eziningi zakhiwa esiqwini esingcwatshwe, esivumela utamatisi ukuthi athole izakhamzimba eziningi.
Ukugwema ukubola kwezimpande kusuka esiqwini, okuzobe kungaphansi komhlaba, udinga ukususa wonke amaqabunga.
Izinkinga ezikhulayo
Njalo umhlali wasehlobo uyazi ukuthi lapho utshala utamatisi ku-greenhouse ye-polycarbonate, kungavela izinkinga ezithile. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ugweme amaphutha angenakulungiswa anganciphisa ikhwalithi yesitshalo, udinga ukuwaxazulula ngesikhathi esifanele.
Imvamisa, akunakwenzeka ukuklama izindlu zokugcina izithombo eziningana endaweni eyodwa, ngakho-ke abaqalayo bavame ukubhekana nombuzo wokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlanganisa imifino kokunye ukushisa noma ukuletha kwenye.
Utamatisi, uPelepele, nokuhambisana kwekhukhamba
Utamatisi nopelepele yizitshalo ze-nightshade, ngakho-ke nihlalisane kahle omunye nomunye kunoma yikuphi ukuhlelwa kwemibhede.
Isixazululo esihle kakhulu sokonga isikhala, kanye nokuphepha kopelepele kusuka kuma-aphid, singatshalwa phakathi kwezihlahla zotamatisi. Isimo sihlukile ngamakhukhamba. Okusalungiswa, okudingeka kakhulu kutamatisi, kunomthelela omubi kumakhukhamba. Futhi umswakama wegumbi lemifino ngayinye kufanele uhluke.
Utamatisi wenza kahle ku-40% umswakama, kanti ukhukhamba ku-90 - 100%, ngakho-ke tshala le mifino ndawonye engathandeki.
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi utshale imifino ehlukene ngaphandle nangokwahlukanisa
Enkampanini enotamatisi, ungatshala, ngaphandle kokwahlukanisa, imifino ehlukahlukene, njenge: anyanisi, iparsley, ulethisi noma isaladi yekhanda. Imifino efana nama-radishi, iklabishi ngisho namakhabe kuhamba kahle. Kodwa akunconywa ukutshala utamatisi kanye namakhukhamba, i-dill ne-fennel endaweni yokushisa.
Ukubeka le mifino namakhambi endaweni eyodwa yokugcina izithombo, udinga ukufaka i-plywood noma ukwahlukanisa kwesilayidi phakathi kwabo.
Ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa ngakolunye uhlangothi ukusuka ekuphumeni kuya engadini, kungcono ukubeka izinhlobo zamakhukhamba, i-dill ne-fennel. Kulokhu, ukhukhamba uzogwema okusalungiswa futhi athole umswakama odingekayo ovela ku-condensate, kanti idill nefennel ngeke zikwazi ukucindezela ukukhula kwamatamatisi amancane. Utamatisi neminye imifino ehambisanayo itshalwe emnyango wokushisa.
Whitefly on utamatisi ku abamba ukushisa
Izinambuzane ezivame kakhulu kutamatisi ku-greenhouse yi-whitefly. Lezi zinambuzane zindiza kutamatisi ngobuningi, zilimaza amaqabunga ngendle yazo.
Ungaqonda kanjani ukuthi izitshalo ziyathinteka
Kungenzeka ukucacisa ubukhona bezinambuzane ngezinkomba ezimbalwa. Izici eziyinhloko zifaka:
- okukhazimulayo ukuqhuma okumhlophe emaqabungeni;
- ukusonteka kwamahlumela;
- ukutholakala kwamabala aphuzi esitshalweni.
Ekuhambeni kokutheleleka, utamatisi uba mnyama.
Kungani inkathazo iyingozi?
Izinambuzane ngokwazo azilimazi izitshalo. Kudoti wabo onoshukela futhi onamathelayo okhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhunta sooty. Ingozi yala magciwane ukuthi vimba izimbotshana izitshalo, nalokhu ngokulandelana kuholela ekuphazanyisweni kwe-photosynthesis.
Ukwanda kwalezi fungi ekugcineni kuholela ekufeni kwesitshalo.
Ungasusa kanjani ama-midges nokuthi kusho ukuthini ukulwa
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-whitefly ingakuthinta kabi ukukhula kwezitshalo ngesikhathi esifushane, kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezilula zokuvimbela lokhu:
- Uma izimpukane ezimhlophe zitholakala kutamatisi ku-greenhouse, udinga ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa libe ngu-10 degrees, kulokhu, izinambuzane ezindala zizofa.
- Uma izimuncagazi sezizinze kwizithombo ku-greenhouse, amaqabunga ezitshalo kufanele phatha ngamanzi anensipho, negumbi ngokwalo kufanele lingeniswe umoya kaningi.
- Izithombo ezithintekile ekhaya zidinga ukuhlukaniswa futhi zisuse ngokucophelela izinambuzane ngesiponji esifakwe emanzini.
Ukulwa ne-whitefly entwasahlobo, unga-oda izinambuzane ezinesidlakudla emapulazini yemifino angadali monakalo ezitshalweni, kepha ngokuzithandela adla izimpukane ezimhlophe nezibungu zazo.
Kepha izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuqeda nokulwa nezinsimbi zisengamakhemikhali. Izisombululo ezivame kakhulu zokubulala i-whitefly yilezi:
- I-Fitoverm - 2 ml. ukulungiselela i-1 litre. amanzi;
- "Actellik" - 1 ampoule nge-1 litre. amanzi;
- "I-Aktara" - iphakethe eli-1 lamalitha ayi-1.5. uketshezi;
- Pegasus - 2 ml. amanzi;
- "I-Confidor" - 1 ml. amanzi.
Ukuqinisa isenzo sikashevu, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kufanele kwenziwe izikhathi ezimbili, ngesikhawu seviki elilodwa.
Ekulweni ne-whitefly, ungasebenzisa izindlela ezilandelayo:
- Izicupho kanye nama-fumigators... Izicupho ze-tape ezinamathelayo ezinephunga elimnandi zilenga phansi ophahleni lokushisa. Izinambuzane, ezikhangwa iphunga, zindiza futhi zinamathele kuthephu. Isixazululo esifanelekile sezindawo zokugcina izithombo kuzoba ama-pyrotechnic fimigators. Imvamisa zimise okomoya, okuthi uma zishiswa zikhiphe intuthu eyingozi yezimpukane ezimhlophe.
- Ikhambi labantu... Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuthenga izidakamizwa zemishini, ungasebenzisa futhi ufake ushevu ngekhambi lomuntu ekubhujisweni kwama-parasites. Ngenxa yalokhu, u-2 clove kagalikhi oqoshiwe athelwa ku-1 litre. amanzi bese ugcizelela usuku. Bese kuthi izitshalo zifuthwe ngaleli khambi elihlungiwe.
- I-Dandelion... Kepha indlela engcono nephephe kunazo zonke yokulwa ne-whitefly yi-dandelion infusion. Ilungiselelwe ngale ndlela elandelayo: 40 gr. ama-rhizomes no-40 gr. Amahlanga edandelion achotshoziwe futhi athelwa ilitha eli-1. amanzi. Ukufakwa kufakwa izinsuku ezi-4, bese kuthi, ngemuva kokukuhluza izikhathi ezimbili ngesikhawu seviki elilodwa, kufuthwe utamatisi.
Ukuvimbela uqweqwe lwe-whitefly, kuyadingeka ukwelapha i-greenhouse ukuvimbela entwasahlobo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukufaka esikhundleni ungqimba oluphezulu lwenhlabathi, bese uthele izindlela nezindonga ngamanzi abilayo.
Lapho sebebheke wonke ama-nuances namathiphu, abaqalayo engadini ngeke besaba nemibuzo mayelana nokuthi bangamila kanjani kahle utamatisi endaweni yokugcina izithombo. Ngokubheka izincomo nokubuka umsebenzi we-agrotechnical, utamatisi uzokujabulisa ngokuvuna ngesikhathi esifushane.