Ukuze uthole utamatisi onambitheka kakhulu ekupheleni kwesizini, into yokuqala okudingeka uyinakekele ukukhetha okulungile kokuhlukahlukene nokuthengwa kwembewu yokutshala. Ngoba ukuze bathole umphumela oyifunayo ekuvuneni utamatisi, abalimi uqobo bakhetha ukutshala izithombo, futhi bangazithengi esezenziwe ngomumo emakethe.
Ukutshala utamatisi
Ukutshala utamatisi akunzima kakhulu kubalimi. into esemqoka unikeze izimo ezidingekayo bese kuthi ekugcineni kube nesivuno esihle sale mifino.
Imithetho ejwayelekile:
- Ukukhethwa kwembewu;
- Ukuhlwanyela imbewu;
- Izithombo ezikhulayo;
- Ukuhlala emhlabathini ovulekile;
Ungatshala kanjani kusuka enzalweni
Ungatshala izithombo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene:
- Ukutshala imbewu ezitsheni ezilungisiwe - lena indlela lapho betshalwa khona kuqala ebhokisini elilodwa, futhi ngemuva kokuntywila bahlala ezitsheni ezihlukile;
- Ukusonga imbewu ngamanabukeni - ibizwa nangokuthi indlela yaseMoscow futhi bayayenza kanjena - beka iteyipu ye-cellophane, ucezu lwephepha langasese kuyo, bayithambise ngamanzi afudumele, beka imbewu ngokungezelelwe ngo-1 cm no-1.5 cm ukusuka onqenqemeni olungaphezulu, olunye ungqimba lwephepha ngaphezulu, moisten kanye abeke enye itheyiphu ye-cellophane. Ngemuva kwakho konke ukukhwabanisa, konke sikuguqula kube umqulu bese sikufaka esitsheni lapho kuthelwa khona amanzi ukuze kuthwetshulwe amanabukeni;
- Ukutshala imbewu endaweni evulekile ngaphansi kwefilimu - imbewu itshalwe enhlabathini efudumele futhi imbozwe ifilimu yokushisa okuvela kumaqhwa aphindaphindwayo;
Kubalulekile ukukhetha inketho efanelekile ukuze ukukhula kungabi umsebenzi okhandlayo.
Indlela yokutshala izithombo
Ukuqonda ukuthi kungcono kanjani ukutshala utamatisi, unganikeza isibonelo ngokususelwa ku-Tretyakovsky F1 hybrid. Lesi sitshalo sinquma futhi sikulungele ukukhulela ezindlini zokugcina izithombo. Kusukela kumahlumela okuqala kuya ezithelweni ezivuthiwe kudlula Izinyanga eziyi-3.5, okusho ukuthi ungatshala imbewu kuze kube ngu-Ephreli 1.
Kuhle ukutshala imbewu ngayinye kuthebhulethi ye-peatukunciphisa ukuhlukumezeka ezimpandeni. Ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwezithombo akuhlukile emithethweni evame ukwamukelwa.
AmaHybrids awadlulisi imininingwane yawo yofuzo kusetshenziswa imbewu.
Ungayihlwanyela nini futhi kanjani utamatisi
Ukuhlwanyela izithombo zikatamatisi kwenziwa ukuqala kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi yesithathu kaFebhuwari kuya ku-Ephreli 1... Ungafunda ubuchwepheshe bokuhlwanyela imbewu ngokufunda le ndatshana.
Ekhaya, utamatisi ungatshalwa efasiteleni, kuvulandi ocwebezelisiwe, etafuleni, uma ifakwe ilambu langemuva ukuze izithombo zingaluli.
Umlimi uqobo unquma ukuthi angayikhetha kanjani indlela yokutshala imbewu katamatisi yezithombo. Kepha okokuqala, udinga ukuthenga imbewu enhle futhi imvamisa ithengwa ezikhungweni ezikhethekile zensimu kubakhiqizi abathembekile. Lokhu kukunika ukuzethemba kokuthola isivuno esifanele.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zembewu
Uma utamatisi etshalwe okokuqala esizeni, lapho-ke kufanele ukhethe okuhlukahlukene okuzohambisana nokuthandwa ukunambitheka kwensimu futhi kulinywe esifundeni esithile.
Ngakho-ke, kunemithetho ethile okufanele ilandelwe lapho kukhethwa imbewu katamatisi:
- Okokuqala kunakho konke isikhathi sokuvuthwa ngokugcwele... Njengoba esifundeni esisenyakatho, lapho ihlobo lide futhi lifudumele, umgadi wensimu angakwazi ukukhokhela izinhlobo zakamuva.
- Futhi kufanele ucabangele ukuphakama kwamahlahla, ngoba uma ukutshalwa kwamatamatisi kuzokwenziwa endaweni yokugcina izithombo, maqondana nendawo yokonga, kufanelekile ukunaka izinhlobo ezinde ezivumayo. Uma indawo yokutshala utamatisi inkulu, ngakho-ke kungcono ukutshala izinhlobo ezinokuphakama okungama-50-100 cm, ngoba ezindaweni ezinkulu akusizi ukubeka izisekelo zetamatisi amade.
- Isifunda esikhulayo sikatamatisi - lapha ungabona ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo iklanyelwe isifunda esithile, okusho ukuthi kule ndawo kunethuba lokuthola isivuno esikhulu njalo salolu hlobo.
- Uma iphakethe lisho ukuthi lolu hlobo lukatamatisi lukwazi ukukhula kuphela endaweni yokugcina izithombo, ngakho-ke akufanele lutshalwe emhlabathini ovulekile, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi utamatisi ngeke uphile lapho.
- Ubungako bezithelo ezivuthwe ngokuphelele kubalulekile, ngoba utamatisi omkhulu angasetshenziselwa ukusika amasaladi kuphela, futhi ngobubanzi obungu-5-6 cm nobume obufanele, kuhle ukukusebenzisela ukulondolozwa.
Lapho uzikhethela okuhlukahlukene, funda idatha ebhalwe kwiphakheji, lokhu kuzosiza ukunquma ukuthi utamatisi uhambelana kanjani nesifunda kanye nokuthandwa ukunambitheka kwensimu.
Izitsha zezithombo
Kulezi zinsuku kunezitsha eziningi ezikhethekile zokutshala. Kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi okokuqala imbewu itshalwa ebhokisini lezithombo elinokuphakama okungaba ngu-12 cm, bese kuthi, ngesikhathi sokutshuza, izithombo zitshalwa ezitsheni ezihlukile. hhayi ngaphansi kuka-200 gr.
Ngakho-ke, okulandelayo kungashintshelwa amabhokisi okuhlala:
- Ubisi namabhokisi ejusi;
- Sika amalitha ama-5. amabhodlela epulasitiki;
- Amabhokisi enziwe ngokhuni.
Okwesitsha lapho kutshalwe khona amahlumela, lezo ezilahlwayo zilungele kahle izinkomishi ezinomthamo wama-200 no-500 gr.
Kuyadingeka ukuthi izitsha zibe nezimbobo zokukhipha amanzi amaningi.
Ukwakhiwa kwenhlabathi okudingekayo
Ngemuva kokukhetha amabhodwe, kufanelekile ukukhetha umhlabathi ofanele lapho ungatshala khona imbewu. Okokuqala, kufanele kube njalo okunomsoco futhi okuxekethile... Ngakho-ke, ungathenga kuqala esitolo esifanele.
Noma ungaziqamba ngokwakho, uthathe konke ngamanani alinganayo:
- Peat.
- Umhlaba wensimu.
- Isihlabathi.
Noma yimuphi umhlaba othengiwe noma ohlanganiswe ngezandla zakho kufanele ubulawe amagciwane. Kufanele lokhu iqhwa noma ukuwosa - into esemqoka ukuthi ama-microorganisms ahlukahlukene afa.
Ilungiselela imbewu ekhaya
Ukuze uthole ukuthi ngabe imbewu ikulungele yini ukutshala emhlabathini, udinga ukunquma ukusebenza. Lokhu kubonakala ngezindlela ezimbili:
- Isixazululo se-saline senziwa futhi imbewu ithululelwa kuyo, lezo ezivelile zingaphonswa ngaphandle ngokuphepha, ezinye zilungele ukukhula.
- Imbewu ziqhume ngendwangu emanzi, futhi lapho nje ikhala lehlumela liphuma, litshalwa engilazini enenhlabathi.
Imbewu ethengwe ezinkampanini ezaziwayo sezivele zihlolwe ukuthi zingahluma yini futhi zelashwa ngezikhuthazi zokukhula, ngakho-ke akufanele zifakwe emanzini.
Ungayihlwanyela kanjani kahle imbewu emhlabathini
Umhlabathi olungisiwe uthelwa ezitsheni bese umanziswa usebenzisa ukuchelela phansi. Ngemuva kokushiya kwamanzi ngokweqile ebusweni bomhlabathi, imisele emincane yenziwa ngokujula ngaphansi kuka-5 mm, kulula ukwenza lokhu ngombusi, ngakho-ke imigqa ivela ngqo. Imbewu ibekwa emiseleni ngesinyathelo esingu-2.5 cm bese ifafazwa ngomhlaba. Kusele u-4 cm phakathi kwemisele.
Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela imbewu, vala iziqukathi ngengilazi noma uzifake esikhwameni sepulasitiki. Lokhu kuzovikela inhlabathi ekumeni futhi kudale izimo zokushisa okushisayo ngosizo lokuthi kuzovela amahlumela otamatisi anobungani.
Ngena
Utamatisi we-dive wenziwa lapho isithombo sizokwenza amapuleti amaqabunga amabili ayiqiniso... Ukuze wenze lokhu, inhlabathi imanziswe kahle futhi isuswe ngokucophelela isithombo esisodwa ngasikhathi sinye futhi sitshalwe esitsheni esihlukile ngokuya ngezimpande. Indlela elula kakhulu yokwenza lokhu isekhaya noma efulethini.
Lapho kudilika, izithombo kufanele zitshalwe ngokushesha nangokucophelela ngaphandle kokwephula inqubo, ukuze zingabhubhisi izithombo.
Ukunakekela
Ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kuzoba nokunisela, okuyi kufanele kube njalokepha ukuvimbela ukugcwala kwamanzi komhlaba. Futhi, izithombo kufanele zime efasiteleni elifudumele nelinelanga ukuze kungabi khona ukunwebeka ngokweqile kwamahlumela. Iphendulwa kanye ngesonto ezinhlangothini ezihlukene iye emthonjeni wokukhanya ukuze ingakhuli ngaphandle kwesikhumba.
Asikho isidingo sokukhulelwa, ngoba inhlabathi ayigugi ezinyangeni eziyi-1.5. Ngaphambi kokutshala emhlabathini ovulekile noma ku-greenhouse, izithombo zijwayela ukuvula umoya - zinzima.
Izithombo ezinhle zinokubukeka okunamandla, amahlamvu aluhlaza, amapuleti amaqabunga ama-6 nokuphakama ingeqi ku-15-20 cm.
Amaphutha akhulayo
Amaphutha amakhulu wabalimi be-novice lapho bekhula izithombo:
- Imbewu engakhethwanga kahle.
- Umhlaba omubi emabhokisini okukhula.
- Izinga lokushisa elingalungile futhi ukukhanya okubi.
- Ukweqa izithombo ngomanyolo ekukhanyeni okungekuhle.
Isikhathi sokugcina
Ngaphandle kwenhlabathi, izithombo azigcinwa isikhathi eside, hhayi isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora amabili, inqobo nje uma zisongwe ngendwangu emanzi futhi zingalali elangeni.
Izinsuku zokutshala utamatisi
Njengoba izithombo zikatamatisi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili sezikulungele ukutshalwa endaweni enkulu ekhulayo, izithombo ziyahlwanyelwa Izinsuku ezingama-60 kanye nezinsuku ezinhlanu zokuhluma kwembewu.
Ukuhlwanyela emhlabathini
Uma lokhu kuyindawo yaseKrasnodar yaseRussia, izithombo ziqala ukutshalwa emhlabathini ovulekile ekuqaleni kukaNhlaba, futhi ku-greenhouse ungakwazi Emasontweni amabili ngaphambili.
Ngokuya ngale migomo, sibala emuva izinsuku ezingama-65 bese sithola usuku:
- Emhlabathini ovulekile - imbewu yokutshala izithombo iqala ngoFebhuwari 25 hhayi ngaphambi kwalokho ngoba kunzima ukuthi izithombo ezikhule ngokweqile zikhule endaweni entsha;
- Kwezindlu zokugcina izithombo, baqala ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo ngoFebhuwari 20.
Udinga ukuhlwanyela ngesikhathi ukuze uthole izithombo ezinempilo.
Imbewu yezithombo ihlwanyelwa ngaphambi kuka-Ephreli 1, ngoba uma utshala izihlahla zikatamatisi kamuva kuphela ngezinhloso zokuhlobisa, utamatisi uzozibopha, futhi ngeke abe nesikhathi sokuvuthwa. Lesi sikhathi sisebenza ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yeRussia.
Ungayitshala nini izinhlobo zezithelo ezinkulu
Okokuqala, utamatisi notamatisi yigama lesitshalo elifanayo. Utamatisi othela izithelo ezinkulu utshalwa kaningi ngokuwatshala endaweni yokugcina izithombo. Ukukhulisa izithombo zikamatamatisi anjalo, seziqala ukuhlwanyela imbewu eminyakeni eyishumi yesithathu kaFebhuwari.
Ukulimala ekufikeni kokuqala
Izimbewu ezitshalwe kusenesikhathi ekugcineni zihlotshiswe kakhulu izithombo zikatamatisi, hhayi ngezimbali kuphela, kepha nangamaqanda ezithelo. Ngemuva kokutshala endaweni eyinhloko, izithombo ezinjalo zigula isikhathi eside bese zilahla izimbali nezithelo.
Kuyadingeka ukutshala imbewu esikhathini esithile ukuze uthole izithombo ezinempilo. Ukunamathela kuyo yonke imithetho yezithombo ezikhulayo, uzothola isivuno esihle sezinhlobonhlobo zotamatisi ezifunwayo.