Amazambane athandwa kakhulu phakathi kwama-gourmets ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Futhi yize lokhu kuyimifino elula engajwayelekile, futhi ngeke ihlale ijabulisa abahlali basehlobo, ngoba ihlaselwa yizifo ezinganciphisa kakhulu isivuno.
Izifo zamazambane ezivame kakhulu nezindlela zokubhekana nazo
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizokhuluma ngezifo ezivame kakhulu nezinambuzane ezithanda ukuzuza kumazambane nokuthi ungaziqeda kanjani ngokushesha futhi kalula.
Ukulimala okwedlule
Ukulimala okwenzeka ngemuva kwesikhathi esinye sezifo ezicashile kakhulu, okungabhubhisa u-15% wesamba samazambane esewonke.
Ukubukeka kwayo kubangelwa isikhunta esingezansi njenge-oomycetes. Uma ama-microorganisms ekhona emhlabathini, khona-ke amathuba okuthola lesi sifo aphezulu kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhowe anjalo athanda kakhulu umswakama, ngoba imvula yasehlobo namazinga okushisa angaphezu kwama-degree ayi-15 azokusiza ngokuphelele ukusabalala kwawo.
Akunzima kangako ukuthola izimpawu zokulimaza sekwedlule isikhathi, ngoba amaqabunga aqala ukushintsha abe mnyama, futhi ngezansi ungabona izinhlamvu ezimhlophe kuwo, okukhombisa ukuba khona kwesikhunta.
Ubunzima ukuthi umoya namanzi emvula kungazisakaza kalula lezi zinhlamvu enkundleni. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziba mnyama futhi zibe yingozi enkulu ezihlahleni ezingomakhelwane.
Ukugwema ukutheleleka, kufanele uthobele lezi zinyathelo zokuphepha ezilandelayo:
- amazambane kufanele atshalwe endaweni efanayo kungabi ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu elandelanayo;
- kungcono ukuhlala ethafeni, nasendaweni enelanga nenomoya omuhle;
- kufanele gcina ibanga phakathi kwezihlahla;
- ungatshali imbewu esivele isithintekile;
- ngaphambi kokutshala, amazambane kufanele omiswe kahle emoyeni omusha ezingeni lokushisa lama-18 degrees amasonto ama-2;
- ukuze nezilimo eziyizigaxa zimelane nezifo, ziyacutshungulwa I-Immunocytophyte noma i-Agatom-25K.
Izinhlobo ezivamile zesibhakabhaka
Amazambane nawo ahlushwa yizinhlobo ezi-3 zesigaxa: mnyama, impuphu kanye nesiliva.
Utwayi omnyama
Njengoba ibizwa nangokuthi i-rosoctoniasis, ingadala izinkinga eziningi kubahlali basehlobo. Lesi sifo sithinta izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye neziqongqo.
Ezigabeni zokuqala, utwayi lungakwazi yeka ukukhula amazambane, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isiko lizofa ngokuphelele. Lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ngesimo samabala amnyama afana nezilonda.
Izimo ezinhle kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa kwesikhumba esimnyama umswakama ophezulu kanye nokushisa komoya okungenani ama-degree ayi-18.
Ungasusa kanjani isifo se-rosoctonia, uzokwaziswa ngamathiphu alandelayo:
- ungatshali izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinesifo emhlabathini;
- ungahlwanyeli endaweni efanayo iminyaka eminingana ilandelana.
- uma inhlabathi ithinteka uqweqwe olumnyama, kuyalandela ke cubungula izinto zokutshala ngePrestige noma iMaxim.
Impushana
Iphinde ithelele amaqabunga nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Izilonda ezibomvu zingabonakala kumazambane, ezigcina zibhubhise lesi sitshalo. Lesi sifo sidluliselwa ngumoya noma nge-humus, noma ngobulongwe bezinkukhu.
Ukuze kuliwe nalesi sifo, isisombululo esikhethekile sisetshenziselwa ukulungiselela lokho abakuthathayo:
- Amalitha ayi-10 amanzi;
- 3% ibhlitshi;
- 5% yethusi sulfate.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuchelela I-300 ml yesihlahla ngasinye.
Isiliva
Isifo esikhohlisayo esingasomisa isiqu noma i-tuber uqobo. Izibonakalisa ngesimo samachashazi asiliva angakwazi ukumboza cishe u-50% wobuso.
Isifo esifanele ukushisa okungenani ama-3 degrees Celsius kanye nomswakamo womoya okungenani ongu-80%. Futhi izinhlamvu zihlala kwizilimo eziyizigaxa isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngoba zikwazi ukubekezelela kalula amakhaza.
Ekulweni nalesi sifo, amathuluzi anjenge:
- Ubukhulu, baphathwa ngezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokutshala futhi zomiswe kahle elangeni.
- I-Quadris, esetshenziswa esitshalweni ngaphambi nje kokutshala.
Igciwane le-L
I-L-virus ingenye yamagciwane acashile kakhulu, athinta cishe u-30% wesitshalo samazambane. Kunezindlela ezi-2 zokudlulisa igciwane: ama-aphid nokuxhumana nezitshalo ezinegciwane.
Izimpawu zesifo zincike ezinhlobonhlobo nasezimeni ezikhulayo. Lokhu kaningi kungaba imibimbi, izisihla, noma ukubuyela emuva kweqabunga.
Ukuqeda igciwane, kufanele:
- ungasebenzisi izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane njengezinto zokutshala;
- ukwenza impi eqhubekayo yokulwa nama-aphid nama-cicadas, lapho kusho khona izindlela ezifana nokuthi U-Aktara noKarate Zeon.
I-wireworm
I-wireworm, isibungu sebhungane esichofozayo, nayo iyinkinga kubalimi. Ngo-Ephreli, leli bhungane lindiza lize libekele amaqanda enhlabathini, ngakho-ke ayikho indawo engeke yathinteka kuyo. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukulawula inani labantu, ngaphandle kwalokho kungaholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele.
Amazambane athintwe yi-wireworm awakwazi ukugcinwa isikhathi eside, ngoba izoqala ngokushesha ukubola.
Indawo eyintandokazi ye-wireworm yi-rhizome ye-wheatgrass, amahlathi aminyene nenhlabathi ene-asidi.
Ukwehlisa inani lale mabhungane, kufanele ilandelwe le mithetho elandelayo:
- kubalulekile ukushintsha indawo yokufika njalo eminyakeni emithathu;
- entwasahlobo nasekwindla, kufanele umbe umhlabathi ukuze ubulale izibungu;
- ungashiyi iziqongo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ebusika esizeni, njengoba zizosiza i-wireworm nezibungu ukuba zikhuthazelele kahle ubusika;
- izitshalo kufanele zitshalwe engadini ezisabisa ngokuphelele la mabhungane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-marigolds, akhipha iphunga elizondayo le-wireworm kanye nemidumba, kuma-rhizomes awo kunamagciwane, akhipha i-nitrogen, esabekayo kubhungane.
- Ungasebenzisa futhi indlela yesintu. Ngalokhu, i-100 g ye-celandine igcizelelwa izinsuku ezintathu kumalitha ayi-10 wamanzi, bese izihlahla ziniselwa.
Futhi, ukuqeda i-wireworm kuzosiza zonke izinhlobo zodobo:
- Ku-1 m2, kufanele umbe embizeni, ngezansi ubeka amazambane asikiwe. Ngokuqinisekile amabhungane azongena kuwo. Mane ukhumbule ukuhlola izimbiza bese ubulala izimbungulu njalo ezinsukwini ezi-3, futhi ushintshe nesithiyelo.
- Futhi ungangcwaba i-tuber emhlabathini bese usetha induku yokumaka bese uphinda inqubo engenhla njalo ezinsukwini ezi-3.
- Entwasahlobo kusayithi ongakwenza vala i-cellophane bese uyigcoba ngesisombululo sikashukela... Ngokuqinisekile amabhungane azothutheleka ngephunga futhi anamathele ogibeni.
I-Nematode
Esinye sezimuncagazi esibi kunazo zonke yi-nematode. I-wormworm, engu-2.5 cm ubude, iyakwazi ukuqeda u-80% wesitshalo. Izikelemu ziluma empandeni yamazambane uqobo futhi izakhi zomzimba azingeni kwizilimo eziyizigaxa, ngakho-ke zikhula zibe zincane noma zingakheki nhlobo.
Lesi sibungu siyakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokwethuka kwangempela kubalimi, ngoba akunakulimazeka:
- akanandaba namazinga okushisa aphezulu noma aphansi;
- ulula kubekezelela isomiso nezikhukhula.
- ngisho nomthamo obulalayo wemisebe yabantu awunamandla okumelana nalesi sibungu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi silokazane siyakwazi ukwanda ngokushesha okukhulu.
Kuzothatha amashumi eminyaka ukuqeda i-nematode, futhi inani labantu lingancishiswa eminyakeni emi-2.
Ekulweni ne-nematode, kusetshenziswa lezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
- Kumenyezelwa ukuhlukaniswa, futhi amazambane awakhishwa esifundeni.
- Lesi sitshalo asitshalwa endaweni efanayo isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emithathu ilandelana.
- Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, kuyinto efiselekayo ukushintsha okokutshala.
- Umhlabathi uphathwe nge-urea.
- Ngaphambi kokutshala, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyaniselwa ngesisombululo se-potassium permanganate, ngesilinganiso sika-0.5 g ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi.
I-Altenariosis
Izimpawu zibonakala kahle ezinsukwini ezingama-20 ngaphambi kokuqhakaza, lapho amaqabunga embozwe amabala ansundu. Ngenxa yomonakalo, amabala nawo ayabonakala kwizilimo eziyizigaxa.
I-Alternaria noma indawo ensundu kuthinta zombili izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nesiqu sesitshalo. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa umoya, izinambuzane namaconsi emvula. Isimo sezulu esishisayo nemvula sikulungele ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo.
Ukuvikela izifo, izilimo eziyizigaxa zilashwa ngemithi efana ne- Okuhlanganisiwe noma i-Agat-25... Amahlumela amancane aswakanyiswe ngeBravo.
IBlackleg
Umlenze omnyama ngesinye isifo esiveze izimpawu. Ngokuhlulwa okunje:
- amaqabunga aphenduka aphuzi, agobe futhi omile;
- izimpande neziqongqo kuqala ziba mnyama bese zibola;
- zilula ukuzikhipha enhlabathini.
Uma lesi sifo siqhubeka ngokushesha ngaphambi noma ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, khona-ke Izilimo eziyizigaxa ngeke zakhiwe.
Ihlobo elinethayo yisimo esihle somlenze omnyama. Amabhungane aseColorado, ama-aphid nama-cicadas athwala lesi sifo.
Ukuze ulwe nomlenze omnyama, kufanele uthobele lezi zixwayiso ezilandelayo:
- ungasebenzisi izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane kanye nenhlabathi yokutshala;
- izihlahla ezigulayo ziyakhishwa zishiswe, noma wangcwatshwa ngemitha elilodwa, efafazwa nge-bleach.
- ukuvuna kwenziwa ngesikhathi sezulu esomile;
- ngaphambi kokufihla isivuno endaweni engaphansi, yomile kahle;
- isitoreji siphathwa ngesisombululo se-lime esingu-3%;
- ukucubungula amazambane ngaphambi kokutshala nakho kusiza kakhulu Ubukhulu noma iFitosporin.
Umdlavuza wamazambane
Lesi yisifo esidalwa yisikhunta, lapho singena khona esitshalweni, kwakheka ukukhula.
Uthwalwa isifo Kulula kakhulu:
- amanzi emvula;
- ngezicathulo zomuntu;
- izinambuzane ezihlukahlukene;
- uma isilwane sidla isitshalo esithintekile, khona-ke siyaphuma nomquba bese siqhubeka nomsebenzi waso obalulekile.
Ukuqothula lolu hlobo lwamakhowe, kufanele:
- shintsha njalo indawo yokutshala yesiko;
- khula Izinhlobo ezingamelana nomdlavuza: Uphuzi lwakuqala, iSavory, Sparkle nabanye abaningi;
- izilimo eziyizigaxa ziphathwa ngokumiswa kwesisekelo okungu-1%.
Izinambuzane zamazambane
Izinambuzane ezivame kakhulu ezingakudli ukudla amazambane zifaka:
- I-Colorado amazambane beetle;
- amazambane amabhu;
- ibhere.
Ibhungane laseColorado
Ichitha isiqu ngokugcwele, ngenxa yalokho Izilimo eziyizigaxa azikwazi ukukhula ngokujwayelekile... Yanda ngokushesha; ngesizini eyodwa, izizukulwane ezi-2 kuya kwezingu-3 zamabhungane aseColorado azalwa, agijimela ukugcwalisa isisu sawo.
Ukuqothula amabhungane aseColorado, kubalulekile ukuqoqa zombili izinambuzane ngokwazo futhi usike amaqabunga ngebhande lawo bese uwaphonsa esitsheni esigcwele uphalafini.
Ibhu lamazambane
Uvemvane omhlophe omuhle. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iphenduka isibungu futhi iququde cishe sonke isigaxa esingaphansi kwesikhumba uqobo bese ishiya indle yaso ngasikhathi sinye.
Futhi yena ingahlala esiqwini sezitshalo... Kuthatha kuphela inyanga ukuthi kuvele isizukulwane esisha.
Ukwehlisa isibalo sezibungu, kufanele:
- Emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokuvuna, gunda iziqongo;
- sebenzisa ikhambi elifana ne-10% carboros. I-90 g yalesi sixhobo ichitheka ku-10 l wamanzi.
IMedvedka
Akulula kangako ukuzitholela yena, ngoba uhlala ngaphansi komhlaba, kodwa kusengenzeka ukumqola.
Sisusa ibhere: babeka isicupho esilula ngokumba umgodi ojule ngemitha bese bethela umquba wamahhashi kuwo. IMedvedka ngokuqinisekile izofuna ukuhlala kuyo ukuchitha ubusika. Lapho kufika amakhaza, kuyadingeka ukusabalalisa umquba, bese uthola futhi uqede isinambuzane uqobo.
Unganisela futhi izindawo zokusatshalaliswa kwazo. I-10% karbofos, i-50 g ihlanjululwe kumalitha ayi-10 wamanzi.
Izinhlobo zokubola kwamazambane
Isifo esibizwa ngokuthi ukubola naso siyingozi. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokubola:
- okwesikhashana;
- ibhaktheriya ensundu;
- okuxubene kwangaphakathi;
- kumanzi;
- yomile.
Kaningi kunezimo lapho ukubola kwendandatho nokubola okunsundu kudidekile. Yize zibangelwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamagciwane, amabala afanayo ansundu nophuzi avela emaqabungeni. Kodwa-ke, uma imikhumbi icindezelwe, khona-ke ngokubola kwendandatho kuzovela ubukhulu obuphuzi ngokukhanya, futhi ngokubola okunsundu, indandatho iba nsundu.
Okujwayelekile
Akahlali enhlabathini, yena kudluliselwe esitshalweni esilandelayo ngembewu... Futhi, uma ufaka izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekile eceleni kwalezo ezinempilo, amabhaktheriya azongena ngokuklwebheka noma ngeziqu ezilimele.
UBrown
Kungacathama emhlabathini bese ulinda ezimpikweni ukungena phakathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilimele.
Okuxutshiwe kwangaphakathi
Ukubola kwangaphakathi okuxubekile kwamazambane kwenzeka ngenxa yokulimala komshini noma kwamagciwane, futhi ngenxa yezifo ezahlukahlukene ezaqala zonakalisa izilimo eziyizigaxa. Yiba nomthwalo wokukhetha izinto zokutshala!
Ukuze ugweme ukubonakala kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokubola ezingenhla, kufanele uqale ngokuqala:
- shintsha njalo izinto zokutshala;
- shintsha indawo yokufika;
- ngemuva kokuvuna, shisa iziqongo;
- gwema umonakalo owenziwe ngamazambane.
Kumanzi
Can ubhubhise ngokuphelele sonke isigaxa ezinsukwini eziyi-15... Lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ngesikhathi sigcinwa. Imvamisa, endaweni yomonakalo owenziwe ngomshini, indawo ithamba futhi iqala ukubola.
Akunakwenzeka ukunqoba ngamakhemikhali ukubola okumanzi. Ukuze ungavezi amazambane kulesi sifo, kufanele:
- cwilisa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezomiswe kahle kwisitoreji;
- cubungula isela nge-sulfate yethusi noma i-lime;
- gwema ukulimala kwemishini nokubanda kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Yomile
Ukubola okomile kwamazambane ingabhubhisa ama-20% esitshalo... Kungathinta izitshalo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kokubili ngesikhathi sokugcina nasenhlabathini. Okucacile ukuthi ayelashwa, kepha ingacasha isikhashana kuphela.
Amahlahla athintwe yilesi sifo ayabuna, anciphise ukukhula, noma anyamalale ngokuphelele.
Ukugwema ukubukeka kwayo, kufanele:
- ungasebenzisi ngokweqile umanyolo, njengoba zikhipha i-nitrogen, ethandwa yilokhu kubola;
- susa iziqongo engadini;
- shintsha indawo yokufika nezinto zokutshala.
Amazambane kaMose
UMosaic yisifo esingemnandi ngokulinganayo esibangelwa amagciwane. Kunezindlela ezi-2 lesi sifo esidluliselwa ngazo:
- izinambuzane ezihlukahlukene;
- uma uphatha isitshalo esinegciwane ngethuluzi, bese usisebenzisa kokuphilile, khona-ke ukutheleleka nakanjani akunakugwenywa.
Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe kumamaki amibimbi anemigqa.
Ishwabene
Lathola igama lalo ngokusho kwezimpawu zesifo. Amaqabunga aqala ukushwabana futhi agobe ngaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaseli agulayo awakwazi ukugcina umswakama, yingakho iningi isomiso esincane siholela ekufeni kwesitshalo.
I-Banded Mosaic Virus
Inolaka ngokwengeziwe futhi ingabhubhisa cishe i-90% yesitshalo. Okokuqala, kuvela imivimbo ezitsheni zamaqabunga, khona-ke amaqabunga ayafa, futhi kusele ezimbalwa zazo esihlahleni sonke. Ngenxa yalokho, i-tuber iyeka ukukhula ngokuphelele.
Kukhona nezindlela zokubhekana nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali:
- igciwane lalesi sifo lifa ngama-degree angama-60;
- Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane akufanele zitshalwe, kodwa kulula ukubona ekukhanyeni okukhulu;
- kufanele kukhethwe nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezihlumile, ngoba amahlumela ezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane azoba buthakathaka;
- ngaphambi kokutshala, imbewu kufanele iphathwe ngama-insecticide.
Izifo zamazambane: ukuhlukaniswa
Zonke izifo zamazambane zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu alandelayo:
- ngesikhathi sokugcina;
- igciwane;
- ikhowe;
- ibhaktheriya;
- okungathathelani.
Ithebula 1... Ukwehlukaniswa kwezifo zamazambane ngezinhlobo.
Uhlobo lwezifo | Izifo |
igciwane | zonke izinhlobo zamatshe amaqabunga ahlanganisiwe corymbose isiqongo ukufiphala okuncane okuthunyelwe kuthunyelwe |
ukhunta | Ukulimala okwedlule ukubola okomile kwe-fusarium utwayi omnyama |
amagciwane | indandatho yokubola umnyama ukubola kwegciwane elimanzi utwayi ovamile ixube ukubola kwangaphakathi |
okungathathelani | ukwenza mnyama uginindela indawo empunga noma i-melanosis ukuklinywa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ukulimala kokushisa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezibandayo indawo eyindlala ukungahambi kahle nokusonteka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa umbala obomvu noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka we-tuber pulp isikhumba mesh |
Zonke lezi zifo zingakhula zombili phakathi nesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwamazambane nangesikhathi sokugcinwa.
Kungani kunezindawo ezinsundu kumazambane?
Ngokusika amazambane, kungabonakala amabala ansundu angasoze abola. Siphendula umbuzo wokuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka - kungukubona i-gelatinous. Amazambane anjalo avele abe lukhuni futhi okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu kubhujiswe kuwo.
Lezi zindawo zibangelwa:
- umswakama ophansi;
- ukushisa;
- ukuntuleka kwe-phosphorus.
Iyakhula lesi sifo kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhula, lapho kugcinwa amazambane, kuyaqina.
Ukuvikela lesi sifo ekuthikamezeni amazambane akho, udinga ukufaka umanyolo we-nitrogen, umcako bese unisela amazambane.
Ama-insecticide
Namuhla kunemikhiqizo eminingi yokubulala izinambuzane ezosusa amazambane akho ezifweni nazo zonke izinhlobo zezilokazane. Okuphumelela kakhulu kuzo kufaka imali elandelayo:
- Ubukhulu - ivikela ezifweni eziningi, futhi ikakhulukazi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zotwayi kanye ne-phyto-infection.
- I-Quadris - ikhambi elingavikeli kuphela ezifweni eziningi, kepha futhi lithuthukisa ukukhula kwamazambane.
- Isihluku - Ukuvikelwa okuhle kakhulu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezivela ezinambuzaneni ezahlukahlukene.
- Celeste Phezulu - ivikela iziqongo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinambuzane, kanye nasezifweni zefungal.
- I-Aktara - izovikela amazambane izinsuku ezingama-60.
- Phoqelela - kuhloswe ekubhujisweni kwe-wireworms.
- Udumo - ivikela izinhlobo ezephuze ukubola, utwayi kanye namabhungane aseColorado.
Futhi kufanele kuphawulwe izidakamizwa ezinjenge-Imidor, Commander kanye noTabu.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, noma ngabe yisiphi isifo noma izinambuzane ezizama ukonakalisa isivuno sakho, zisazohluleka uma uwanakekela kahle amazambane owathandayo. Ngakho-ke, ukulwa nezifo nezinambuzane ngesikhathi futhi uzofinyelela imiphumela emangalisayo. Yiba nesivuno esihle!