Umlando wobhontshisi ucishe ube yiminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-7 ubudala. Okungokomndeni we-legume, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-250 ezaziwayo njengamanje, kepha cishe ezingama-20 zisetshenziswa kakhulu, okubandakanya ukukhuphuka. Isiko lifaka umlando walo ocebile ekwakhiweni okunothe ngokulinganayo, okuwusizo kakhulu: iqoqo eligcwele lamavithamini, uhla olukhulu lwama-micro nama-macroelements, i-fiber, ama-carbohydrate, amafutha, i-pectin kanye neprotheyini yemifino edingeka kakhulu kumuntu, ngokwesibili ilandela kuphela inyama! Hlobo luni lobhontshisi esilufunda kulo mbhalo.
Izinhlobo zobhontshisi
Kunezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zalesi sitshalo, kepha kunoma yikuphi kunemithetho ejwayelekile yokukhula nokunakekelwa. Noma yiluphi uhlobo lobhontshisi luyi-thermophilic, ngakho-ke, imbewu kufanele itshalwe engxenyeni yokuqala kaMeyi, lapho inhlabathi ifinyelela kuma-degree ayi-12-14. Ukuze kuhlume ngokushesha, kunconywa ukuthi ucwilise imbewu ubusuku bonke emanzini, futhi ngaphambi nje kokuhlwanyela - imizuzu emihlanu kusixazululo se-boric acid. Lokhu kuzoqinisa izithombo, kwandise umkhiqizo wezitshalo.
Imidumba inekhono lokusuthisa inhlabathi nge-nitrogen - nodule bacteria ukuyithatha emoyeni, ngakho-ke lesi sitshalo siyisandulela esihle sezilimo eziningi zemifino engadini.
Ukukhulisa ubhontshisi wehlathi
Lezi zinhlobo zibukeka njengezihlahla ezincane ezingafika ku-60cm ukuphakama. Ingakhula emthunzini wezihlahla ezide, phakathi kwezihlahla ze-currants, i-gooseberries, kepha awukwazi ukuthunga kakhulu - kuzothinta isivuno. Ukutshala ukujula - kungadluli ku-2 cm, ngaphandle kwalokho imbewu izofa ngisho nangesikhathi sokuvuvukala enhlabathini. Lesi sitshalo sithanda inhlabathi evundiswe nge-humus, iphendula kahle ekondleni ngezakhi zomsoco. Ingatshalwa iminyene impela - imigqa ebangeni elingu-30 cm, phakathi kwembewu - 4-5 cm.
Ubhontshisi beBush budinga ukuphinda kabili ukuzinza okukhulu. Kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-55 kusukela ngesikhathi sokuhluma kuze kufike ekuvuthweni kwamabhontshisi aluhlaza. Ama-pods, adliwayo, abucayi kakhulu ekunambithekeni, anemicu, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni zikashukela.
Luhlaza noma luhlaza
AmaNtaliyane abengabokuqala ukuqagela ukusebenzisa imidumba engavuthiwe evela kwabaseYurophu ukuthola ukudla. Izitsha ezenziwe ngobhontshisi obuhlaza okotshani noma ophuzi waseFrance zinokunambitheka okuthambile okumangazayo, okuqukethwe kwekhalori eliphansi kakhulu - ama-kcal ayi-100g womkhiqizo kuphela, anamavithamini amaningi kanye nama-microelements (ngaphezu kokudla okusanhlamvu), yize engaphansi kokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ukoma okusanhlamvu. Ubhontshisi oluhlaza ukhiqiza isivuno esihle kakhulu... Izinzuzo zayo zomzimba nazo zinzima ukugcizelela:
- kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukugaya;
- kwehlisa amazinga kashukela egazini;
- izinga eliphezulu lokuqukethwe kwesibabule kunomphumela wokuvimbela uma kwenzeka izifo ezithathelwanayo zamathumbu;
- i-fiber, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, izinto zokulandela ngomkhondo zinomthelela omuhle esimweni somzimba, ikakhulukazi, sithuthukisa ukwakheka kwezinwele nesikhumba.
Izinhlobonhlobo ezisontekile
Empeleni, zonke izinhlobo zobhontshisi zingahlukaniswa zibe ubhontshisi wehlathi kanye nosontekile. Lezi zokugcina zinezinhlobo eziningi ikakhulukazi.
Izici ezilandelayo zivamile kubo:
- ukungathobeki nokukhula okuphezulu, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqhakaza futhi kuthele izithelo kusuka maphakathi noJuni kuze kufike lapho kubanda khona;
- izinhlobonhlobo zezimo nemibala yama-inflorescence, ama-pods, okusanhlamvu;
- ukunothisa inhlabathi nge-nitrogen.
Ukuqoqa imidumba njalo ehlobo kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwamaqanda amasha. Njengoba kunesikhala esincane, izinhlobo ezisontekile zalesi siko zinikeza isivuno esihle kakhulu, uma siboshelwe ngesikhathi, senza umsebenzi wokuhlobisa, ngakho-ke singatshalwa eduze kocingo, i-gazebo, ngaphansi kompheme. Izimo ezikhulayo nezindawo eziwusizo ziyafana nezinye izinhlobo zamasiko.
I-Asparagus noma imifino
Lolu uhlobo lukabhontshisi osanda kutshalwa ukuze lusetshenziswe kuphela kufomu eliluhlaza (elingavuthiwe). Ama-pods aluhlaza noma aphuzi (kuya ngokuhlukahluka), mncane, ubude obungu-12-15cm, ukunambitheka okubucayi, inyama enoshukela, inyama engenashukela. Izihlahla ziphansi - kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-70 cm, zihlangene, kepha naphezu kobukhulu besitshalo, zikhiqiza kufika ku-1 kg kabhontshisi ngesizini ngayinye.
Zonke izinhlobo zobhontshisi zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngoshukela noshukela olinganiselwe. Ama-pods kashukela enzelwe ukuthi adliwe njengama-pods, anengxenye eyisiyingi enqamula egcwele into efana ne-jelly. Ama-semi-sugar pods athambile, i-jelly incane kakhulu kunangaphambili. Izinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo zikhona jikelele: zombili izindumba nokusanhlamvu kufanelekile ukusetshenziswa.
Ukuze ube nokuvuna okuhle kulo lonke ihlobo, udinga ukutshala izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kucatshangelwa amagama abo okuvuthwa - kusuka ezinhlotsheni zokuqala zokuvuthwa (izinsuku ezingama-65 kusukela ekuhlungeni kuya ekuvuthweni kobuchwepheshe) kuze kube sekwephuzile (izinsuku eziyi-100). Izihlahla ezincane azidingi izinsiza, ziyamelana nokubanda, ukuvuthwa kokuqala.
Okuphephuli
Ngokwengeziwe kukabhontshisi ohlaza oluhlaza nokuphuzi ojwayelekile, izitshalo ezinamadumba ansomi amnyama sezimile ezingadini: izinhlobonhlobo zeBluhilda (Germany), i-Purple King (Austria), njll. Ekuqaleni, i-ovary emvinini inombala oluhlaza okwejwayelekile, kepha lapho ama-pods efinyelela kubude obungu-10 cm, umbala ushintsha ngokushesha ube nsomi.
Uma siqhathanisa lezi zinhlobonhlobo ezimbili, ama-pods kaBluhilda ayinyama kakhulu, kodwa ngaphambi kokuvuthwa, kuvela ama-valve amagebhugebhu nemicu. Izinhlamvu ze-Beige, oily, ithenda kakhulu futhi esihlwabusayo, ubilise ngokushesha. Ubhontshisi we-Purple King ayisicaba, anenyama encane, kepha ngaphandle kongqimba wesikhumba, awekho phansi kunalawo okuqala ekunambithekeni. Ngesikhathi sokupheka, zishintsha umbala ube luhlaza okotshani.
Igobolondo (okusanhlamvu)
Izinhlobo zokudonsa zitshalwa kuphela okusanhlamvu, yize zivame ukuvuthwa sekwephuze kakhulu.
Isibonelo, enkabeni yeRussia, okusanhlamvu kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo akuvuthwa, futhi ama-pods, ngisho nasezigabeni zokuqala zokuvuthwa, anesakhiwo esiminyene esingakulungele ukusetshenziswa ngabantu.
Kepha-ke, uma ubakhulisa endaweni efudumele yesimo sezulu, ungathola isivuno esihle kakhulu somsoco, ocebile ngamavithamini namaminerali, onamaprotheni amaningi.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu: i-Ballada, i-Rubin, i-Zolotistaya, i-Varvara, i-Ophanayo, njll. Inenani lesivuno sabo kanye nokunambitheka kwabo okuphezulu.
Unjani umbala wobhontshisi?
Mhlophe
Izinhlamvu zamabhontshisi anjalo zinombala omhlophe obisi, isakhiwo esiqinile. Inzuzo enkulu kabhontshisi omhlophe okuqukethwe amaprotheni aphezulu - i-20%. Ngokuya ngezinzuzo zomzimba, kuqhathaniswa kuphela namaprotheni enkomo, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, awunawo amafutha ezilwane, okwenza kube nzima ukwamukela into ebaluleke kangaka kubantu.
Izici ezizuzisayo:
- isusa ubuthi nobuthi;
- kunciphisa izinga le-cholesterol embi egazini;
- kunomphumela omuhle ohlelweni lwe-cardiovascular;
- ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokudla, njengoba igcwele izinto eziwusizo ezinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwekhalori (i-120 kcal / 100g).
Okubomvu
Izinhlamvu ezibomvu zinama-calories aphansi (94 kcal), aqukethe inani elikhulu lamavithamini B6, B12, B1, A, C, E, PP, amino acid, lysine, arginine, magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, njll. Ngenxa yokwakheka okunjalo kwamakhemikhali okunothile, ubhontshisi obomvu unomphumela omuhle ekusebenzeni kwezitho eziningi nezinhlelo zomzimba womuntu. - uvalo, ukujikeleza kwegazi, umgudu wamathumbu, kuqinisa amasosha omzimba, kuthuthukisa isimo sezinwele, amazinyo, isikhumba.
Mnyama
Izinzuzo zezinhlamvu ezimnyama zithuthukiswa ngokugxila okukhulu kwazo zonke izithako ezakha ukwakheka kwazo.
Uma ucebe umbala wobhontshisi, uqukethe izakhamzimba eziningi.
Izinhlamvu ezimnyama zitholakala kakhulu ezitsheni zaseLatin American, futhi zinokunambitheka okumnandi nokubhemayo. Ubhontshisi omnyama yiyona ecebe kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali; maqondana nenani lokudla okunomsoco nokwelapha, zikleliswa kuqala phakathi kwemikhiqizo yemvelaphi yezitshalo. Kwanele ukuthi ubhontshisi omnyama ungukudla okuwusizo kakhulu ekuvikeleni umdlavuza nesifo sikashukela.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, izinzuzo zalo mkhiqizo azinakulinganiswa ngokweqile. Ukudla ubhontshisi okungenani kabili ngeviki ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene - amasaladi, okokuqala, izifundo zesibili, njll. - ngokuqinisekile kuzoba nomthelela omuhle emzimbeni wakho. Ngisho nangaphandle kuzobonakala - isikhumba se-velvet, izinwele ezicwebezelayo, izinzipho ezinhle zinikezwa wena ngokusetshenziswa okuvamile kobhontshisi ngokujwayelekile nobhontshisi omnyama ikakhulukazi.