Kunzima ukuthola umuntu ongathandi ushokoledi noma uswidi we-hazelnut. Lamantongomane amancane awagcini ngokunambitha okuhle, kepha futhi anomthelela omuhle emzimbeni womuntu.... Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamavithamini, amakhemikhali nama-amino acid kuthuthukisa impilo uma kunesifo segazi, ukukhathala okungapheli, isifo sikashukela, imithambo yegazi kanye nezifo zenhliziyo. Uwoyela we-hazelnut oqukethwe amantongomane, unikeza umzimba ngo-vitamin E, ubuyisela amandla futhi unomphumela wokuvuselela amandla. Ukudla amantongomane ekudleni kuzuzisa ngokulinganayo izingane nabantu abadala. Ake sibhekisise lesi sitshalo, nezici zokunakekelwa nokulinywa kwe-hazel ekhaya.
Akukho ukutshalwa kwezimboni kwama-hazelnuts ezweni lethu. Izithelo eziyigugu zingeniswa kakhulu kusuka eTurkey, e-Italy, eSpain naseChina. Kepha ama-hazelnut awekho exotic njengoba abonakala. Kuyindlela etshaliwe ye-hazel evamile, ekhula ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo eCaucasus, eMiddle East, e-Ukraine nakuyo yonke indawo yaseYurophu kuze kufike ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Ngakho-ke kungani ungakhuli lesi sitshalo esingathobekile futhi esisebenzisekayo ku-dacha yakho, ngoba ukutshala ama-hazelnuts kuyithemba elihle kakhulu lebhizinisi kanye nokutshalwa kwemali empilweni yakho.
IHazelnut - ifomu lamasiko le-hazel esizeni
Ukutshala ama-hazelnut kumlimi wensimu ngeke kube yinto enkulu. Akumangalisi ukuthi amaNtaliyane abize "i-hazel etshaliwe" isitshalo sabanevila. IHazelnut isihlahla esifinyelela ku-2-5 m ukuphakama, kuya ngokuhlukahluka, kepha kungenziwa ngokusika izihlahla ngendlela yesihlahla - ukukhetha kuya ngomnikazi wesayithi.
Isivuno sokuqala singalindelwa eminyakeni engama-3-4 emva kokutshala isithombo... Lesi sitshalo asidingi ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela, ngoba ezimweni zemvelo i-hazel ikhula kahle ngaphandle kosizo lomuntu. Ngemuva kokutshala, amasu ezolimo ancishiselwa ukuchelela, asuse ukukhula kwezimpande, ukusika izihlahla minyaka yonke, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane uma kudingeka.
Ama-hazelnuts atshalwe kusayithi amashumi eminyaka azonikeza izithelo ezinempahla ephezulu yokudla okunomsoco nezinto eziwusizo. Ukuvunwa okukhulu kwamantongomane kuqala kusuka eminyakeni engu-5-7 yempilo yezitshalo futhi kuhlala iminyaka eyi-10-15... Ngemuva kwalokho, lesi sitshalo "sivuselelwa kabusha" - iminyaka eminingana ilandelana, kunqunywa amagatsha amadala angama-2-3, ekugcineni athathelwa indawo yintsha bese eqala ukuthela izithelo ngokukhululekile.
Kusuka kumuntu ngamunye i-hazelnut yabantu abadala, ngokuya ngemikhuba yezolimo thola u-5-12 kg wezithelolokho kungagcinwa isikhathi eside (iminyaka engu-1-3) ngaphandle kokunikela ngokunambitheka. Uma utshala okungenani izitshalo ezintathu esizeni, isivuno saminyaka yonke sizobukeka sibaluleke kakhulu.
Ama-hazelnuts angakhula endaweni eyodwa kusuka eminyakeni engama-50 kuya kwengu-100. Uma utshale isitshalo kanye, uzozinikeza wena nezingane zakho amantongomane abalulekile eminyakeni eminingi ezayo.
Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo zokuvuna, isitshalo sinomphumela ophezulu wokuhlobisa. Izinhlobo ze-hazelnut zinamaqabunga anemibala ehlukene nosayizi.Ngakho-ke, abalimi bavame ukujwayela ukutshala izihlahla eziguquguqukayo zilandelana - ngamahlamvu abomvu, aphuzi naluhlaza. Ama-hazelnuts nawo abukeka emangalisa njengesitshalo se-specimen esime njengomuthi. Abathandi bobuhle bazobuthanda ubuhle behlathi eliphonsa amacici amangalisayo aheha izinyosi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-hazelnut ekhaya
Abathandi bokutshala isihlahla kusuka kumantongomane bangahle basebenzise indlela yembewu yokuzala kabusha. Ilula futhi, ngokuya ngezidingo ezidingekayo, izokuvumela ukuthi uthole isitshalo esinamandla futhi esinempilo. Kodwa-ke, amantongomane anjalo azoqala ukuthela izithelo kamuva kakhulu kunaleyo ekhule isuka esitsheni. Uma, lapho utshala isithombo, amantongomane okuqala avela eminyakeni engu-3-4 ngemuva kokutshala, khona-ke lesi sitshalo sikhulile
eyenziwe nge-walnut, ithela izithelo iminyaka eyi-6 noma eyi-10.
Ngakho-ke, abalimi bavame ukusebenzisa izithombo zokutshala. Ngale ndlela yokuzala, ngokungafani nokutshala inadi, zonke izici ezihlukahlukene zama-hazelnuts ziyagcinwa, ngokususelwa lapho bekhetha khona isitshalo esifanele izimo ezithile.
Ukukhethwa kwesampula
Kukhethwa izithombo ezinonyaka owodwa noma emibili zokutshala. Kunconywa ukuthi ukhethe izinhlobo eziqinile zobusika nezimelana nesomiso.... Ukuthengwa kwesithombo enkulisa yendawo kuqinisekisa ukutholwa kwezinhlobo ezihlukanisiwe ezivumelaniswe nezimo zezulu zesifunda.
Lapho ukhetha izithombo ze-hazelnut enkulisa noma esikhungweni segadi, udinga ukuhlola ngokucophelela uhlelo lwempande lwesitshalo. Kufanele ithuthukiswe kahle futhi ingabi nomonakalo. Izimpande ezonakaliswe kancane zinqunywa endaweni enempilo... Uma kunomonakalo omkhulu, kufanele wenqabe ukuthenga isithombo, ngoba ukuthena okuqinile kungathinta izinga lokusinda futhi kuholele ekufeni kwesitshalo.
Ukukhetha indawo yokufika
IHazelnut ibhekwa njengesitshalo esingenantobeko ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi nezwe. Umhlabathi ovundile ngokulingene kanye nenani elanele lomswakama kuvumelana nentuthuko yesitshalo kanye nezithelo eziningi zesikhathi esizayo. Okufanele kakhulu ukulinywa inhlabathi eyihlathi empunga, i-loamy, i-sandy loam kanye ne-chernozems yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuvela okuhle kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba akusondele kangako ku-1.2-1.5 m ebusweni... Ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kweqhwa entwasahlobo, isiza akufanele sigcwale amanzi - ukugcwala kwamanzi isikhathi eside kuholela ekubola nasekufeni kwama-hazelnuts.
Kodwa-ke, akufanele ucasuke ngalabo ukwakheka kwenhlabathi yabo esizeni esingekuhle neze. Ama-hazelnuts atshalwa ngokuphepha cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesici somhlabathi womugqa ophakathi, ngaphandle kobumba obunzima kakhulu, ubumanzi, usawoti kanye nesihlabathi esomile. Lapho utshala isithombo, ama-chernozems alungiswa ukwethulwa kwesihlabathi nomquba we-humus - lokhu kuzothuthukisa ukungena komswakama nomoya... Ukwakheka kwenhlabathi ene-esidi kuyathuthukiswa ngokwethulwa kukalamula one-hydrated, ushoki womhlabathi noma umlotha wezinkuni.
Ama-hazelnuts akhula ngokulinganayo ezindaweni ezisicaba nasemithambekeni yezintaba. Ngenxa yohlelo lwezimpande oluthuthukisiwe, isitshalo sitshalwe ngqo ezindaweni lapho kudingeka khona ukuvimbela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Lapho utshala esizeni sikamantongomane, ungathatha noma iyiphi indawo engazifanele ezinye izitshalo ze-horticultural.
Abalimi abanesipiliyoni bazijwayeza eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala betshala izitshalo ezahlukahlukene zensimu phakathi kwezihlahla zama-hazelnuts amancane, ezithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, zikhiqize isivuno futhi zingavumeli indawo engenalutho esizeni.
Isidingo esibalulekile okufanele sibonwe lapho kukhethwa indawo yokufika ukukhanya okuhle. Ama-hazelnuts angakhula ezindaweni ezinomthunzi, kepha-ke akufanele ube nethemba lesivuno esihle.... Ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu lokukhanya okungokwemvelo kunomthelela ekutholeni izithelo eziningi.
Lapho utshala emithambekeni ye "hazel enamasiko", unganquma indawo kunoma iluphi uhlangothi ngaphandle kwaseningizimu. Kungabonakala sengathi uhlangothi oluseningizimu lukhanyiswe kangcono futhi lulungele isitshalo esithanda ukukhanya. Eqinisweni, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngokukhanya kwelanga okukhanyayo, iziqu zezimbali ziyaqhakaza ngaphambi kwesikhathi, bese zifa ngesikhathi seqhwa lasentwasahlobo.
Isiko liyazwela ngokusebenzisa imimoya, ngakho-ke lapho kunqunywa isiza sokutshala, izindawo ezivikeleke kakhulu kokungakapheli ziyakhethwa... Izindonga zezakhiwo noma uthango zisetshenziswa njengesivikelo emoyeni.
Lapho utshala izithombo eziningana, ibanga eliphakathi kwazo kanye nezihlahla eziseduze ezinomqhele omkhulu ligcinwa okungenani ama-4-5 m, kuya ngosayizi wesitshalo esizayo lapho usumdala.
Ubuchwepheshe bokufika
Ngokusho kwemininingwane evela kubaqondisi be-horticultural, izithombo ze "hazel ehlwanyelwe" zingatshalwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (Mashi-Ephreli) noma ekwindla. Ama-hazelnuts anesikhathi esifushane sokulala, amahlumela awo asuka ngaphambi kweminye imithi, futhi iningi lezitshalo ezitshalwe entwasahlobo azimili.
Abalimi abanesipiliyoni bathambekele kakhulu ekutshaleni ekwindla - ngo-Okthoba-Novemba. Izinsuku zendawo ngayinye zinqunywa ngazinye, kuya ngezimo zezulu... Kunoma ikuphi, ukutshala ekwindla kwenziwa inyanga ngaphambi kokuqala kweqhwa.
Ukuze uthole isivuno esivulekile samantongomane, okungenani amahlumela amathathu ezinhlobonhlobo ze-hazelnut ezihlanganiswa phakathi kwempova atshalwa esizeni.
Ukutshala ekwindla, umgodi wokutshala i-hazelnut ulungiswa kusukela entwasahlobo, uma ukutshala isithombo kuhlelwe entwasahlobo, khona-ke ukulungiswa kwenziwa ekwindla. Le ndlela ivumela inhlabathi engenalo ukhula ukuba iphumule futhi iqoqe inani elanele lomswakama. Imvamisa, impilo yenza ushintsho ezinhlelweni zethu, futhi uma isinqumo sokutshala amantongomane size ngokuzenzekelayo, umgodi wokutshala ungalungiswa okungenani amasonto amabili ngaphambi kokutshala noma ngaphambi kokutshala.
Umgodi wokufika wemba u-0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 m ngosayizi. Umanyolo wemvelo namaminerali ufakwa emgodini olungisiwe futhi uxutshwe kahle nomhlabathi:
- i-humus - amabhakede ama-2-3;
- i-superphosphate ephindwe kabili - 150-200 g;
- i-potassium sulfate - 50-70 g.
Ukuhambisana nezincomo zokulungiswa kwenhlabathi kuzonikeza isithombo umsoco owanele iminyaka engu-3-4.
Kulula kakhulu ukutshala ama-hazelnuts nomsizi: omunye ubamba isitshalo bese eqondisa uhlelo lwempande, omunye wenza zonke izindlela ezidingekayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokutshala bulula:
- Uma izimpande zesithombo zicutshungulwe emashini wobumba, geza ubumba kusuka ezimpandeni... Ukungena ebhokisini lokuxoxa kudingekile kuphela ukugcina umswakama ezimpandeni uze utshale.
- Uma izimpande zesitshalo zome kancane, okokuqala zifake emanzini izinsuku eziyi-1-2... Ukomiswa kwezimpande kufakazelwa amagxolo ashwabene amahlumela.
- Uma izimpande zomile ngokuphawulekayo, hhayi bona kuphela, kepha isithombo sonke kufanele sicwiliswe emanzini izinsuku eziyi-1-2 kuze kube yilapho amagxolo ebushelelezi.
- Yakha indunduma yokufika maphakathi nomgodi, faka isikhonkwane kuwo.
- Beka isithombo eduze kwesikhonkwane, ngokucophelela sasaza izimpande zesitshalo kulo lonke umgodi... Ikhola lezimpande lesithombo ngesikhathi sokutshala kufanele libe ngaphezu kwenqanaba lomhlabathi. Ngemuva kokuchelela, umhlabathi uzohlala, kuthi ikhola lempande lilingane nomhlabathi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu - lapho ikhola lempande lingcwatshwe emhlabathini, ama-hazelnut azokhula kabi, futhi kungenzeka angakhiqizi izithelo nhlobo.
- Bagcwalisa umgodi ngamaphasi amabili... Okokuqala, uhhafu womgodi umbozwe inhlabathi, umhlaba unyathelwe kancane futhi uniselwe kakhulu ngamanzi. Ngemuva kwalokho okusele komgodi kugcwaliswa, kuthanjiswa futhi kuniselwa futhi. Inani eliphelele lamanzi esithombo ngasinye okungenani lingama-25 litres, elifanele ngokuya ngezimo zezulu - amalitha angama-30-40.
- Hlola izinga lekhola lezimpande - esiphezulu Ukweqisa okuvumelekile ngaphezu kwezinga lomhlabathi ngu-1-3 cm.
- Isithombo siboshelwe esikhonkwaneni futhi usike ngaphezu kwama-5-6 efihlekile... Ukuphakama kwengxenye yomhlabathi ongenhla kufanele kube ngamasentimitha angama-20-25. Ukuthena kunomthelela ekuthuthukiseni amahlumela amaningi athelayo phakathi nenkathi yokukhula.
Ukunakekela isithombo esincane
Isiyingi esiseduze nesiqu esinobubanzi obungu-0.5 m sigcwele ipeat, i-humus, umquba noma i-sawdust, sishiya isikhala samahhala esingu-5 cm eduze kwesiqu. Isendlalelo semboza ngomsele ngokuvamile 7-10 cm.
IHazelnut ayiwavumeli amanzi amile, kepha ngasikhathi sinye isitshalo esithanda umswakama. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala ngemuva kokutshala, ukuchelela njalo nokuchichima kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesithombo. Isikhathi sokuqala lapho isitshalo siniselwa ngesonto emva kokutshala, thatha ikhefu lezinsuku eziyi-7-10 uphinde unisele futhi. Ngemuva kwalokho, ungaqiniseka ukuthi ibhola lokutshala lakha lonke kanye nenhlabathi yonke futhi lizokwazi ukugcina umswakama odingekayo.
Ebusika bokuqala obungu-2-3, izithombo ze-hazelnut zimbozwe nge-lutrasil noma i-spunbond... Lokhu kuvikela isitshalo ekuqandeni nasekuqhumeni amahlumela angavuthiwe.
Ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo nokulima
Kusukela ekutshaleni isithombo ekuqaleni kokuthela, kuye ngokuhlukahluka, kuzofanela ulinde iminyaka engu-3-4. Ukuvuna kuzoba kuncane ekuqaleni, kepha eminyakeni engu-1-3, ukukha amantongomane kuzokujabulisa ngobuningi bawo, futhi emva kweminyaka eyi-10 kuzokwenzeka ukuqoqa ibhakede lamantongomane esihlahleni ngasinye. Ungaba nethemba lokuthola izithelo eziningi uma kuthathwa izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokunakekelwa kwama-hazelnut.
Ukunisela
Ngesikhathi sokukhula, isitshalo siniselwa izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngenyanga, inani eliphelele lokunisela kusukela ngo-Ephreli izikhathi ezi-5-6... Isikhathi sokugcina lapho i-shrub iniselwa ngemuva kokuwa kwamaqabunga - lokhu kuzodala ukukhokhiswa komswakama odingekayo esitshalweni esisenhlabathini entwasahlobo elandelayo. NgoJuni nangoJulayi, isidingo somswakama siyanda ngenxa yokukhula kwezithelo kanye nokubekwa kwezitho zokukhiqiza zesivuno sonyaka olandelayo, ngakho-ke ama-hazelnuts aniselwa kabili kulezi zinyanga. Ngokunisela, sebenzisa amalitha angama-40-50 amanzi afudumele esihlahleni ngasinye.
Ukhula nokuhlanganisa
Ukhula lusiza ukubulala ukhula nokugcwalisa uhlelo lwempande ngomoya. Lapho uxegisa inhlabathi, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi iningi lezimpande lisondela ngaphezulu. Izimpande ze-hazelnut ezonakalisiwe azibuyiselwe, ngakho-ke ukususwa kokhula kungu-8-10 cm... Umhlabathi weziqu ugcwele ipeat, sawdust, notshani obomile.
Ukuthena
Ukuthenwa kuyadingeka ukwakha i-shrub. Ngesikhathi ngasinye sehlobo, amahlumela angeziwe ayanqunywa, kusale ama-8-10 aqine kakhulu... Bazama ukususa amahlumela atholakala ngaphakathi ehlathini, kanye nalawo abuthakathaka futhi alimele.
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane zeHazel
Ngama-hazelnut avela ezinambuzane, i-hazel weevil ne-hazel barbel ayingozi. Izimpawu zokubukeka kwazo "yisibungu" nokoma ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwezithelo. Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane kusebenzisa izinambuzane ezihlelekile, eqhuba ukucubungula ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, lapho amabhungane evela ngobuningi, futhi maphakathi noJuni, lapho amantongomane ephuma ku-plyuska. Kulezi zifo, i-powdery isikhutha ivame ukutholakala, engaqedwa ngokwelashwa nge-colloidal sulphur, umhluzi we-lime-sulphur noma ama-fungicidal esitolo athengwe esitolo, kanye nokuhlanzwa ngesikhathi esifanele kwezithelo ezinegciwane kanye namaqabunga awile.
Umfundi angathola umbono okhohlisayo wokuthi ukutshala nokukhulisa amantongomane kuwumsebenzi onzima impela. Kulesi sihloko, sizamile ukunikeza ulwazi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka okulusizo kubanikazi bamakotishi asehlobo nezindawo zabo. Ama-hazelnuts awadingi umbuso okhethekile wokushisa, angakhula cishe kunoma yimuphi umhlabathi futhi amelane nokushoda kokufaka umquba... Kwanele ukwenza umzamo omncane, futhi isitshalo sizokubonga ngesivuno esivulekile samantongomane amnandi futhi anempilo.