Njalo ohlala ehlobo uphupha ngokuhlobisa isiza sakhe ngezimbali ezikhanyayo, izihlahla ezahlukahlukene, ama-conifers, ama-ferns amahle. Lokhu kungenziwa ngezindlela eziningi. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi kungenzeka ukuvuna amajikijolo amnandi esizeni esihle, esinamandla, esiqinile esisebenza njengothango oluhlaza. Phakathi kwabo, manje ungabona i-ribelaria (yoshta) - kubantu abavamile ibizwa ngokuthi i-hybrid yama-currants nama-gooseberries, esizokhuluma ngawo.
Incazelo ye-hybrid ye-black currant ne-gooseberry
Lesi sitshalo asitholakali phakathi kwamahlathi asendle, eduzane nolwandle lwemifula, amachibi, nezinye izindawo zemvelo yasendle. Njengesibonelo, i-Karelian golden currant, nezinye izihlahla. Kutholwe ngenxa yomsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wabafuyi abavela emazweni ahlukene. Imiphumela yokuqala yokuthola izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-yoshta yaziwa ngo-1959 evela emisebenzini yabafuyi baseJalimane... Ngakho igama, kufaka phakathi izincazelo zesiJalimane zamagama athi currant, ugqumugqumu.
Imizamo yokuthola i-hybrid engenawo ameva, njenge-gooseberry, ukumelana nokubukeka kwezifo ezivamile ze-currant, yenziwe isikhathi eside. Indlela yenqubo ichazwe ngokuningiliziwe kwimisebenzi kaMichurin. Kepha ochwepheshe kuphela abavela eMax Planck Institute of Germany, besebenzisa izindlela zemisebe, imiphumela yamakhemikhali yokuxubana okude, ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amane yomsebenzi onzima, abakwazile ukuwela ama-gooseberries nama-currants futhi bathole izinhlobo zokuqala ze-yoshta nge-fruiting ezinzile, izimpawu zesitshalo esisha. Isikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezithelo zokuqala siqala ngonyaka wesibili wentuthuko.... Isivuno esiphezulu sivamile ezinhlotsheni eziningi ngonyaka wesine wokukhula. ERussia, inhlanganisela yama-gooseberries nama-currants kwavela ekuqaleni kwawo-1980.
Isihlahlana esimbozwe ngamaqabunga aluhlaza okotshani afana neqabunga le-gooseberry sifinyelela kumamitha amabili ukuphakama. Bantula iphunga eliqinile le-currant. Amahlamvu awela ehlathini ngasekupheleni kokwindla. Iziqu zinde, zingenameva. Isilinganiso sesilinganiso sesitshalo sabantu abadala siyi-12... Izimpande zifinyelela ekujuleni kwamasentimitha angama-50. Ububanzi bomqhele bufinyelela amamitha amabili. Iqhakaza ekuqaleni ngama-racemes aphuzi aphuzi. Ngaphezu kokuzitholela impova, kunconywa ukutshala izihlahla ze-currant ne-gooseberry eduze. Amaqoqo ezithelo amafushane, ahlotshiswe ngamajikijolo amakhulu amnyama, akhanya elangeni, anombala onsomi. Ukuqala kokufika kwamajikijolo okuqala kwenzeka ngoJulayi.
Amajikijolo awavuthwa ngasikhathi sinye, okudinga ukuvuna okuningi ngokucophelela, okwandisa isikhathi sokusebenziseka.
Isikhathi sokuphila okusebenzayo kwesihlahla se-yoshta sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-30 endaweni ekhethiwe yokutshala. Inani lamahlumela amasha akhula ezimpandeni alilikhulu. Inani labo lingakhuliswa ngokusebenzisa ama-hilling avamile. I-Ribelaria igomela izinambuzane eziningi, izifo ezijwayelekile ezitshalweni zabazali... Izinhlobo ze-Yoshta ziyamelana nesithwathwa.
Izinhlobo ezidumile zeYoshta
Yohini
I-Yohini ibizwa ngolunye lwezinhlobo zokuqala ze-hybrid ekade ilindelwe. Isihlahla eside sibukeka njenge-currant. Amaqabunga awanalo iphunga le-currant, awawi isikhathi eside. Izinhlobonhlobo zinezithelo ezinkulu kakhulu ezimnandi. Isivuno esihlahleni esisodwa singafika ku-10 kg... Lokhu kubhekwa njengesibonakaliso esiphakeme phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo.
EMB
Izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zesiNgisi. Isihlahla esisatshalaliswa kakhulu. Ikhula ize ifike kumamitha amabili ukuphakama. Ijikijolo linambitheka njengama-gooseberries. Izinhlobonhlobo zibonakala ngohlobo olude, olushintshanayo lokuvuthwa kwamajikijolo.ukufinyelela ezinyangeni ezimbili.
Umqhele
Lungisa izinhlobonhlobo zaseSwitzerland Yoshta. Amajikijolo mancane, aminyene, amnyama, akhumbuza ama-currants. Izinhlobonhlobo ezithela kancane... Inzuzo yayo ukuba khona okude kwamajikijolo ngeziqu ngaphandle kokuchitheka.
Rext
Izinhlobonhlobo ezitholwa ngabalimi bezilwane ezifuywayo ziyamelana kakhulu nokutheleleka kwemikhaza kanye nesithwathwa esibi. Isivuno samajikijolo simaphakathi. Kunconywe ochwepheshe ngokutshala ezindaweni ezibandayo zaseRussia.
IMoreau
Isihlahla eside, esinganwebeki kakhulu sinikeza isivuno esihle samajikijolo alingana necheri... Minyaka yonke, kuvela izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo emakethe yezithombo, okwenza ukhetho luyehluka kakhulu.
Uma ukhetha izinhlobonhlobo ze-yoshta yezimo ezithile zokutshala, khumbula ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga okuthe xaxa kuwela esitshalweni, isivuno simnandi, sibe mnandi, futhi sande kakhulu.
Ukufika
Lesi sitshalo sitshalwe ekuqaleni kwekwindla, entwasahlobo. Kunoma ikuphi, i-yoshta igxila kahle, ikhula ngokushesha. Izinto zokutshala kumele zibe nohlelo lwempande oluthuthukisiwe. Akuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa izithombo ezomisiwe ngamagxolo ashwabene, izimpande ezibuthakathaka ezomile... Izokhula kancane futhi ngeke ithele.
Ngaphambi kokutshala, kunconywa ukufaka izimpande cishe amahora amabili kusixazululo esilungisiwe senhlabathi evundile, uzifake kahle, uziqondise. Ngemuva kokuzifaka emgodini, zisakazeka kahle, ziniselwa. Umquba, i-humus, umanyolo wamaminerali uyangezwa emgodini wokutshala. Umehluko wenqubo yokutshala kusuka kuma-currants yisidingo esiphakeme se-potassium, esethulwa ngaphambi kokutshala. Isethi elandelayo yomanyolo wesitshalo esisodwa ibhekwa njengelungile, edingekayo esikhathini sokuqala sokukhula: cishe ama-5 kg wezinto eziphilayo, i-40 g ye-potassium sulfate, i-60 g ye-superphosphate. Inhlabathi isemgodini wokutshala, ezungeze isitshalo siniselwa kahle, sigcwele. Ibanga phakathi kwezitshalo kuhlelwe ukuthi libe cishe yi-1.5 m. Phakathi kwemigqa ikhuphuka ibe yi-2 m.
Umgodi wokutshala we-yoshta kufanele ube mkhulu kune-currants, gooseberries. Inani likamanyolo elisetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokutshala nalo likhulu. Lokhu kunqunywa isidingo sokwandisa indawo yokudla, enquma isivuno esizayo.
Ukuzala nokunakekela
Umgomo wokutshala i-shrub wehluke kakhulu ezindleleni zokunakekela ama-currants nama-barberries. Udinga ukukwazi lokho I-yoshta idinga ukugoqwa okuphoqelekile kwesiqu ngaphansi komqhele... Lokhu kuvimbela ukukhuphuka komswakama, okudingeka kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isihlahla. Lesi sitshalo kufanele siniselwe kakhulu.
Isiduli somhlaba esenziwe nge-peat, humus, nenhlabathi evundile ngaphansi kwesihlahla sisiza ukuvela kwamahlumela, asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza kabusha.
Isihlahla asidingi ukuthenwa okukhethekile, okusebenza njengenqubo yezolimo yokwakhiwa komqhele. Kwanele ukukwenza endimeni yokuhlanzeka, ukususa iziqu ezomile, ezilimele.
Lesi sitshalo siphendula ukukhulelwa, kusukela ezinsukwini zasentwasahlobo ngendlela yezixazululo ezivela kumquba wenkukhu, i-mullein.
Izithelo
Kufanele ukusika amahlumela wonyaka asikwa ebusika. Masinyane ngemuva kokuvuna, bacwiliswa emanzini amahora amathathu. Bese bezifaka esikhwameni, esiqandisini kuze kufike intwasahlobo, lapho betshalwe endlini yokugcina izithombo. Lesi sitshalo sidluliselwa endaweni ekwindla. Ukuguquguquka kwendlela yokusabalalisa ngokusika kuhlotshaniswa nekhono lokuzibandakanya kule nqubo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.... Isibonelo, entwasahlobo, ngo-Agasti, unganqamula iziqongo zamagatsha asemaceleni angaba ngamasentimitha angama-20. Dabula amaqabunga aphansi, ugcine lawo aphezulu ngemuva kokuwafinyeza ngengxenye yesithathu yobude. Yenza ukusikeka okuncane phezu kwenso ngalinye. Ngaphansi kokusika, yenza ukusika okuningana ukukhuthaza izinga lokukhula kwezimpande. Ngemuva kokucubungula isiqu ngesikhuthazi sokukhula, sitshale ngokusobala endaweni yokugcina izithombo noma ngaphansi kwevolumu yepulasitiki. Amanzi amaningi. Uma umsebenzi wenziwe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, isithombo esiqinile sizolunga ekwindla.
Izisiki ezinesithunzi ezinqunywe ngeziqu ezivuthiwe zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukusakazwa. Kufanele okungenani kube namahlumela aqinile ayisithupha ezingcezwini ezingama-20 cm... Kutshalwe ngokulingana, kushiya amahlumela amabili ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi. Umbhede onezikwele uvame ukuchelelwa kakhulu ukunika amandla ukwakheka kwezimpande ezinamandla ngesizini eyodwa nje.
Izinhla
Lolu hlobo lokusabalalisa lungenziwa ngokuma okuqondile, okuqondile kweziqu. Esimweni sokuqala, entwasahlobo, lonke ihlathi elidala liyanqunywa., kusala iziphunzi ezifika ku-25 cm ukuphakama.Ngokunisela okujwayelekile, ukunakekelwa, njengesihlahla sangempela, kuvela amahlumela amancane kuwo, asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza kabusha.
Indlela yesibili iyona elula futhi elula kunazo zonke. Ngokwakheka okusheshayo kwezitshalo ezintsha entwasahlobo, amahlumela aneminyaka emibili ubudala, aqinile minyaka yonke akhula engxenyeni engezansi yehlathi acindezelwe phansi, embozwe inhlabathi evundile. Ingaphezulu yegatsha ifinyeziwe kancane. Inani elikhulu lamahlumela likhula kusuka efihlekile elitholakala ngaphansi kongqimba oluphezulu lwenhlabathi evundile... Zigonene kaningana ngesizini, zondliwe, ziniselwe, futhi zisuswe ukhula. Izithombo eziqinile zilungele ukutshalwa endaweni ehlala njalo ekwindla, entwasahlobo elandelayo.
Ngokuhlukanisa isihlahla
Le ndlela iyasebenza kusukela ekubukeni kokutholwa okusheshayo kwezinto zokutshala Kunconywa ukuthi uyisebenzise uma udinga ukudlulisela isitshalo kwenye indawo, uma ufuna ukwandisa inani lezihlahla ze-yoshta. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa amahlathi, aneminyaka okungenani eyisithupha ubudala. Entwasahlobo, ekwindla, isihlahla simbiwe ngokuphelele, sikhululwe emhlabeni, izimpande ezibuthakathaka. Ngembazo, zihlukaniswe zaba izingxenye okungenani ezinezimpande eziqinile, iziqu eziningana ezineziqu ezinhle. Izindawo zomonakalo zimbozwe ngamalahle. Kutshalwe ngokushesha endaweni ehlala njalo.
Noma iyiphi indlela yokuzalanisa idinga ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela, ukuchelela okuningi ngesikhathi esifanele, ukondla ukwakheka kwezimpande ezinamandla. Lesi isihluthulelo sokukhula okusheshayo kwehlathi, ukwakheka kwesivuno se-yoshta esicebile.
Dlulisa
Isizathu esizwakalayo sokutshala kabusha isihlahla se-yoshta esithelayo yilezi zizathu ezilandelayo:
- Isihlahla sidala.
- Ukukhetha okungalungile kwendawoisibonelo, ukuntuleka kokushisa kwelanga, okunciphisa isivuno sonyaka.
- Usayizi kaBushukugxambukela kokunye ukutshala, izakhiwo.
- Namandla umhlabathi osuphelile endaweni yokukhula okuqhubekayo.
I-oda, uhlu lwamasu we-agrotechnical ngesikhathi sokufakelwa kabusha luhambisana nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokukhula kwesihlahla. Inhlabathi evundile, ubukhulu bomgodi wokutshala, ukukhanya okuningi, ithuba lokunisela njalo, ukugqoka okuphezulu kufanele kugcinwe njengasekuqaleni kokutshala. Lungiselela ngokucophelela isihlahla esitshalwe kabusha ukuthuthela endaweni entsha... Amagatsha amadala ayasuswa, amancane afinyeziwe. Ngemuva kokuyisusa ngokucophelela emhlabathini, kungakuhle ukuthi uhlukanise isihlahla sibe yizingxenye, usitshale emigodini ehlukile, ungakhohlwa ukondla, unisele kakhulu.
Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zokuhlala, kungcono ukufakelwa entwasahlobo ngemuva kokumiswa kokushisa okuhle kwansuku zonke. Lapho utshala kabusha ekwindla, kubalulekile ukubona ukukhula kwesihlahla, ukusivikela ebusika.
Isiphetho
Ngeshwa, ukutshalwa kwezimboni kwe-yoshta kusathuthukiswa kahle... Awukwazi ukuzama, bheka amajikijolo amahle kaningi. Ubuchwepheshe obukhulayo maduze buzokwenza ukuthi bubize futhi buphoqeleke njengama-currants.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amajikijolo e-yoshta ayinqolobane yamavithamini nezinye izinto eziningi eziwusizo ezidingekayo kunoma yisiphi isikhathi. Futhi izingane zingakwazi ngokuthula, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuzihlaba ngameva, zikhethe amajikijolo avuthiwe ehlathini phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo.