Ummbila “uyindlovukazi yamasimu” yangempela - enye yezinhlamvu ezisatshalaliswa kakhulu ezitshalwe emhlabeni wonke. Izivumelanisa kalula nanoma yisiphi isimo sezulu, isivuno esikhulu, kepha ngokunakekelwa okuhle ngemuva kokuhlwanyela.
Umuntu uthatha yonke into ngokoqobo emmbileni futhi ayisebenzise ezinhlakeni ezahlukene zempilo - izindlebe, usilika wommbila, izingongolo namaqabunga. Lokhu akuwona nje umkhiqizo wokudla owusizo kakhulu, isisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwemithi, kepha futhi kuyisisekelo esikhulu sefolishi sokufuya izilwane (okusanhlamvu kuya kokondla izinkukhu nezingulube, futhi neziqu ziya ekukhiqizeni i-silage).
Imifino itshalwe eRussia nase-Ukraine, into esemqoka ukugcina ubuchwepheshe bokuhlwanyela, futhi uyinakekele ngemuva kokuvela kahle kwezithombo.
Ungazilungisa kanjani izinhlamvu zommbila zokutshala
Ukolweni - isitshalo sokusanhlamvu esine-thermophilic kakhulu... Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ihlwanyelwe" ngabantu ukuthi ingenzeki endle (ayikwazi ukugeza imbewu bese izikhulela yodwa). Ngakho-ke, ukuze kutholwe isivuno esikhulu sommbila, kudingeka ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela, futhi kufanele kuqale kusisekelo sembewu.
Ikhwalithi yempahla yembewu, izakhiwo zazo ezikhiqizayo zinethonya elikhulu emphumeleni wokugcina.
Imbewu yommbila idinga izindlela ezithile zokuzilungiselela ngaphambi kokutshala enhlabathini.
- Okokuqala, amapulazi akhethekile enza umsebenzi wokutshala okusanhlamvu kwembewu. Basebenza futhi ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha ze-hybrid, belwela ukwenziwa ngcono okuqhubekayo kwesisekelo sembewu.
- Okwesibili, amanye amapulazi akhethekile ahilelekile ukulungiswa okukhethekile kwembewu yokuhlwanyela... Ukwenza lokhu, okusanhlamvu kwehlukaniswa nezikhwebu, kuhlanzwe futhi kuhlelwe ngokuqinile ebangeni. Lapho-ke imbewu iyomiswa futhi iqoshwe - iphathwa ngamalungiselelo akhethekile we-fungicidal avikela imbewu kwizifo zefungal nezinye izifo ezibulala amagciwane. Ukugqoka akuvikeli imbewu kuphela, kepha futhi nezithombo ezivela kumagciwane asenhlabathini, kucatshangelwa isikhathi sokuhlwanyela.
- Okwesithathu, bafeza okuyimpoqo ukulinganisa imbewu yamabele, i.e. uwahlukanise abe izingxenyana ngosayizi. Lokhu kunikeza ukubalwa okunembile kwezinga lembewu lembewu ngehektha elilodwa nokufana kwezitshalo.
- Okwesine, ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ukushisa okushisa emoyeni imbewu yamabele, ekhulisa izinga lokuhluma kwesiko, ukusinda kwamahlumela ezigabeni zokuqala.
Abanduleli abaphambili bommbila
Ukukhulisa isivuno sanoma yisiphi isivuno sezolimo, kudlalwa indima ebalulekile ukuzungezisa isivuno, i.e. Ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo minyaka yonke endaweni efanayo yokuhlwanyela.
Amazambane, imidumba kanye nokolweni wasebusika yizona ezandulela ummbila. Okusanhlamvu kwethu kunika isivuno esihle ngemuva kwe-alfalfa ezindaweni ezingamafemu.
Uma i-asidi yomhlaba ingadluli okujwayelekile - kusuka ku-5.5 kuye ku-7 pH, ukwethulwa okuhlelekile kukamanyolo okhethwe kahle, ummbila ungatshalwa njenge-monoculture, i.e. iminyaka eminingana ilandelana ezindaweni ezifanayo ezihlwanyelwe.
Isiko lembewu
Njengoba ummbila uyisitshalo esithanda ukushisa, ungahlwanyelwa ngemuva kokufudumeza inhlabathi ngama-degree ayi-8-12 ekujuleni okungaba ngu-10 cm.
Ngokuya ngezimo zezulu zendawo, lokhu kwenzeka cishe kusukela ekuqaleni kuya maphakathi no-May... Ukujula kwezimbewu zokutshala enhlabathini kungu-5-6 cm, ezindaweni ezomile - kufika ku-8 cm.
Okuhlwanyela kakhulu ukuhlwanyela emiseleni (uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlwanyelwa kwemigqa), ngoba kulokhu kungenzeka ukugoqa amahlumela, okufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kohlelo lwempande, kuqiniswe izimpande zasemoyeni, futhi, ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqize isivuno.
Ubuningi
Ukuhlwanyela kwabantu kuncike ezimweni zemvelo zendawo ekhulayo, inhloso (okusanhlamvu noma i-silage), ukuhlukahluka kommbila (ukuvuthwa kokuqala noma sekwephuzile), ukuphakama okuphezulu kwezitshalo ezivuthiwe.
Ngokucabangela yonke imingcele, ukuminyana kwezimbewu kubalwa noma kukhethwe ngakunye ukuze isitshalo ngasinye sithole inani elanele lomswakama, ukukhanya, izakhamzimba. Angase anqikaze kusuka ku-50 000 kuya ku-120,000 wembewu / ha.
Isibonelo, ukuminyana kwesiqu sezinhlobo ezivuthwa kusenesikhathi endaweni esemaqeleni kufanele kube ngokwesilinganiso sama-60 ayizinkulungwane ngehektare, cishe izitshalo ezingama-40-45 ngamamitha ayi-10 ngesikhala somugqa esingu-0.7 m.
Izinga lokuhlwanyela imbewu ngehektha elilodwa nge kg
Izinga lokuhlwanyela, kanye nobuningi, kuya ngezinkomba eziningi: indawo ekhulayo, ukuqondiswa kokusetshenziswa kwesitshalo, indlela yokuhlwanyela, ubukhulu bezinhlamvu zokutshala, kanye nezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye.
Ukusetshenziswa kwembewu kuyashintsha kusuka ku-15 kuya ku-25 kg ngehektha ngalinye.
Isidingo sokuncipha kwezithombo
Ngokuvamile amasimu ommbila ahlwanyelwa ngezimbewu ezikhethekile zomoya. Banikela ngendlela “enamachashazi” yokutshala imbewu enhlabathini, ukugcina ibanga eliqondile phakathi kwezinhlamvu zilandelana naphakathi kwemigqa.
Ngakho-ke, inani elifanele lembewu lihlwanyelwa ngokushesha ebangeni elinikeziwe komunye nomunye. Ukuncipha kwezithombo ayidingeki futhi ayinangqondo.
Ubuchwepheshe obukhulayo
Inqubo yokutshala izitshalo zommbila ilula impela, ifaka izigaba ezimbalwa eziyinhloko:
- Ukulima ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - ekwindla ukulima insimu ekujuleni okungama-25-30 cm, uma kunesidingo, kungenzeka ngasikhathi sinye ukusebenzisa ukhula oluqeda ukhula olungapheli;
- ekwindla kulinywa ngokukhulelwa;
- indlela yokulungiselela inhlabathi yasentwasahlobo okuhlukumezayo - ekuqaleni (lapho inhlabathi ingcoliswe kakhulu wukhula) nokutshala ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela (ekujuleni kwembewu yokuhlwanyela - 6-8 cm), ukwethulwa komanyolo onzima;
- ukulungiswa kwembewu yokuhlwanyela;
- ukuhlwanyela ummbila, kucatshangelwa isikhathi nokuhambisana nezinga nokujula kwezimbewu;
- ngaphambi nangemva kokuvela ukuhlukumeza ukuqeda ukhula nokuxegisa inhlabathi;
- ukuvuna (kusenesikhathi esidlule, ummbila uvunwa nge-silage, futhi lapho umswakama wokusanhlamvu ufinyelela ku-35-40%, kuvunwa okusanhlamvu).
Uma ulandela imithetho eyisisekelo yobuchwepheshe bezolimo, ukutshala ummbila emapulazini kungaletha imali ebonakalayo.
Isivuno esikhulu nokufunwa okukhulu yenza isiko likhange ukulinywa. Emazweni omhlaba, i-20% yakho konke okusanhlamvu isetshenziswa embonini yokudla, inani elifanayo lisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kobuchwepheshe, ngaphezulu kwe-60% kusetshenziselwa okuphakelayo.
Ikhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene lenze abalimi bakwazi ukudala izinhlobo eziningi ze-hybrid. Noma imuphi umlimi angakhetha izinhlobo ezihlwanyelwe ezifanele kakhulu isimo sezulu esinikeziwe futhi akhule isivuno esihle kakhulu.