Ukulinywa kweklabishi kuthwala ubuqili obuningi kakhulu, ngakho-ke isikhathi eside awazi noma imizamo esetshenzisiwe ingaholela esivunweni esihle. Kepha ngokuhlukahluka okufana noValentina F1, azikho neze izingozi, futhi umphumela ungabonakala kusenesikhathi ngaphambi kokuvuna. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zeklabishi lokuvuthwa sekwedlule isikhathi ziyinhlanganisela futhi ikwaze ngokufanelekile ukuthola ukuthandwa okufanele phakathi kwabalimi. Incazelo kanye nezici zalezi zinhlobonhlobo zingatholakala ngezansi.
Incazelo nezimpawu zezinhlobonhlobo zeklabishi leValentine
IKlabishi Valentine F1 yakhuliswa e-NN Timiryazev Breeding Station ngabafuyi A. V. Kryuchkov, G. F. Monakhos noD. Patsuria. Kakade izivivinyo zokuqala zale nhlanganisela zikuqinisekisile ukukhiqiza okuphezulu kohlobo. kanye nokufaneleka kwayo kokukhula ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezulu.
Kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-140-180 kusuka ekuhlumeni kwamahlumela kuze kufike ekuvuthweni kwe-Valentine F1 hybrid, futhi ingatshalwa endle nasendaweni ebamba ukushisa. Inhloko yeklabishi inesimo esicaba-okweqanda, kunalokho siminyene, sinesisindo esingu-3-5 kg. Ngaphandle, imbozwe ngamaqabunga aluhlaza okotshani amnyama aqukethe ukuqhuma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuyisici esivela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zeValentine hybrid. Izimfoloko zimhlophe uma zisikwa.
IValentina F1 ikhula emakhazeni azinzile futhi ibekezelela kalula amakhaza wesikhashana ngesikhathi sokubanda okungazelelwe okubandayo, engenamthelela ekugcinweni okuqhubekayo. Uma izitshalo zabantu abadala zibekezelela kalula isithwathwa size sifike ku -5 -8 C °, khona-ke izithombo - kuze kufike ku -3 C °.
Ekuqaleni iklabishi linokunambitheka okuncane komunyu, okunyamalala ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokulondolozwa. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuthi udle le hybrid kungakapheli izinyanga ezintathu emva kokuvuna. Ngalesi sikhathi, izimfoloko zizoba zethenda, ezinamanzi futhi zibe mnandi, ngaphandle kwemithambo eqondile.
Njenganoma yisiphi esinye isitshalo, iF1 Valentine inezinzuzo nezinkinga zayo.
Izinzuzo zifaka:
- kuhle ukumelana nesithwathwa;
- phezulu Veza;
- yinde impilo eshalofini, lapho ukunambitheka kwamakhanda eklabishi kuthuthukisa kuphela;
- izithelo ukumelana nokuqhekeka;
- amakhanda eklabishi okuhle phatha ezokuhamba;
- ukumelana nezifo eziningikufaka phakathi i-fusarium;
- ukuzinza okuhle kwemfoloko ngenxa umlenze ophansi;
- ikhono lokuyisebenzisa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene - fresh, zifakwe emanzini anosawoti, usawoti, zifakwe emanzini anosawoti, okuthosiwe.
Kepha ngaphezu kwezimfanelo ezinhle zezinhlobonhlobo, kunikezwe nokubi:
- ngenkani emhlabathini, ikhula kahle kwi-loam ne-peat;
- ayibekezeleli kaningi umswakama womhlabathi;
- ukuthanda ilanga;
- idinga okuningi inani lomswakama esiteji sokwakhiwa kwemfoloko;
- emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-30 C ° imfoloko "iya" emaqabungeni;
- phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokukhula Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Valentine zidinga ukuchelela nokondla;
- yinde isikhathi sokuvuna.
Ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo
Izimfoloko ezinhlobonhlobo ezifika sekwedlule zihlala zikhula ngezithombo. Kepha ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi wokutshala, udinga ukukhetha imbewu efanele. Uma zithengwa esitolo kubathengisi abathembekile, imbewu enjalo ayidingi ukulungiswa kokuqala, okubandakanya izinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- ukuqina;
- ukubulala amagciwane;
- ukufudumeza;
- cwilisa.
Imvamisa, impilo eshalofini lembewu yiminyaka engu-3-4, lapho isivuno sizogcina zonke izimfanelo ezahlukahlukene ze-hybrid.
Isikhathi sokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo ngqo sincike osukwini olulindelekile lokutshala. Uma ucabanga ukuthi itshalwe emhlabathini ekuqaleni kukaJuni, isikhathi esifanele sokuhlwanyela imbewu nguMeyi 6, kodwa-ke, lokhu kungenziwa futhi ngo-Ephreli.
Lapho ufaka, izithombo kumele okungenani zibe nezinsuku ezingama-35 ubudala.
Isikhathi esinqunyiwe sokuhlwanyela imbewu yokulima nguMay 21, okuyiSt. Nicholas Day.
Ngemuva kokuthi imbewu ikhethwe, udinga ukulungisa umhlaba ukuze uyihlwanyele. Ngalezi zinhloso, i-substrate yenhlabathi evulekile futhi enomsoco iyadingeka, inkomba ye-asidi engeqi ku-6 pH. Ungathenga ingxube yobumba eyenziwe ngomumo esitolo esikhethekile noma ulungiselele i-substrate ngokwakho:
- Hlanganisa izingxenye ezilinganayo humus nomhlaba futhi ngo-5-6 kg womxube udinga ukwengeza ingilazi yesihlabathi.
- Hlanganisa ingxenye eyodwa ye-turf nezingxenye ezintathu ze-peat futhi kuyo yonke i-3-4 kg yenhlanganisela engeza izindebe eziyi-1.5 zesihlabathi.
Ngemuva kokuthi inhlabathi yokuhlwanyela isilungile, kufanelekile ukusabalalisa imbewu ngokulingana ebusweni bomhlabathi oswakanyisiwe. Ngaphezulu kwembewu, kufanele kuthelwe ungqimba we-1 cm we-substrate elungisiwe, bese uniselwa ngokucophelela kusuka ebhodleleni le-spray.
Isiqukathi esinembewu ehlwanyelweyo siyambozwa bese sibekwa endaweni emnyama kepha efudumele, enezinga lokushisa lomoya elingu-15 ° C. Kulokhu, umuntu akumele akhohlwe ukulawula ukuvela kwezithombo, ezichamisela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-3-7. Lapho kuvela amahlumela okuqala, kufanelekile ukuthatha isitsha esinezithombo usiyise endaweni ekhanyayo ukuze izitshalo zinganwebeki.
Ukukha izithombo nokutshala izithombo enhlabathini
Ngemuva kokuvela kwamaqabunga ama-2 ezitsheni, izithombo kufanele zicwiliswe. Leli igama lokutshala izithombo esitsheni esihlukile bese ucindezela izimpande, okukuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise ukukhula kwesitshalo.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, kunconywa ukwenza okulandelayo:
- Nisela izithombo kakhulu, linda kuze kufakwe umswakama, bese ukhipha ngokucophelela isithombo kanye nesigaxa somhlaba esinamathela ezimpandeni.
- Nquma cishe ingxenye yesithathu yohlelo lwempande.
- Beka izimpande emgodini emhlabathini emaqabungeni aqoshiwe, bese uwamboza ngomhlaba.
- Ukwakheka kwenhlanganisela yomhlaba kufanele kufane nokusetshenziselwa ukuhlwanyela izithombo.
Uma uhlwanyela ngokushesha imbewu yeklabishi kabanzi, izithombo zokucosha zingashiywa.
Lapho amaqabunga wesithathu evela ezitshalweni, bese izithombo zeklabishi ezifinyelele kubude obungu-13-16 cm zingatshalwa engadini. Kepha ngaphambi kokwenza lokhu, kufanele uqale ngokulungisa inhlabathi yokutshala izitshalo. I-Valentina F1 iklabishi ikhetha inhlabathi e-loamy, egcina umswakama kahle. Umbhede wensimu kufanele ukhanyiswe kahle yilanga, ngoba lokhu kuhluka akubekezeleli umthunzi oweqile.
Kungcono ukulungisa indawo yokutshala izithombo ekwindla, ngenkathi ubheka ukujikeleza kwesitshalo. Iklabishi likhula kahle kakhulu ngemuva kuka-anyanisi, ukhukhamba, izaqathe, utamatisi, imidumba namabele, enothisa inhlabathi ngezakhamzimba ezidingekayo ezitshalweni ezibethelelayo. Uma utshala i-Valentine F1 hybrid ngemuva "kwezihlobo" zakho (i-swede, isithombo kanye ne-radish), khona-ke izokhula futhi ithele izithelo kabi, ngoba umhlaba ngeke ube nama-microelements awusizo anele.
Umsebenzi wokulungiselela ekwindla wokutshala izithombo unje:
- Ukumba ingadi ekujuleni okuphezulu.
- Kufanele sivundise umhlaba, umquba owethulwa ekwindla, ngesilinganiso sebhakede eli-1 ngemitha elilodwa lengadi.
- Entwasahlobo emhlabathini ngaphezu kwalokho 2 wezipuni superphosphate kunezelwa ngemitha elilodwa lesikwele lendawo, kanye nengilazi yomlotha omsulwa.
Lapho utshala izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-Valentine F1 endaweni ehlala njalo, kufanele ukuthi ebusuku izinga lokushisa lomoya lehle lingaphansi kuka-3 C °. Kungcono ukwenza lo msebenzi kusihlwa, ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, noma ukhethe usuku olunamafu lokutshala iklabishi.
Lapho utshala izithombo embhedeni wensimu, kunconywa ukuthi uthele inhlanganisela ye-nitrophoska, umlotha ne-humus ngesilinganiso se-1: 4: 16 emgodini ngamunye. udinga ukungcwaba isithombo kuze kufike eqabungeni lokuqala, uvimbele iphuzu lokukhula lingalali nomhlaba.
Uhlelo lwesithombo uValentina F1 - 65-70 cm phakathi kwemigqa no-40 cm phakathi kwezitshalo... Ngokutshala okunamandla, amakhanda eklabishi angakhula kabi futhi anciphise isisindo sawo. Ngemuva kokufakelwa kabusha, kubalulekile ukuchelela isitshalo ngasinye kakhulu.
Ukunakekelwa kweklabishi
Ukuze uthole isivuno esihle ezinhlobonhlobo zeValentine, kufanele kwenziwe umzamo othile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukunisela, ukuxegisa, ukususa ukhula, ukuqwala nokudla.
Ngemuva kokutshala izithombo, ukuchelela nsuku zonke kubalulekile. Futhi, isidingo esikhulu senani lomswakama senzeka ngesikhathi sokusetha nokukhula kwamakhanda eklabishi. Uma ngalesi sikhathi kukhona ukuntuleka kwamanzi, khona-ke yonke iklabishi ingangena emaqabungeni. Futhi, ukuntuleka komswakama kungaholela ekuvuthweni kwamakhanda axegayo hhayi amanzi.
Kungcono ukuchelela izimfoloko ezenziwe ekuseni ngovivi noma kusihlwa, kanti ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kufanele kube cishe amalitha ama-5 ngesitshalo ngasinye. Ngemuva kokuthi amanzi amunceke ngokuphelele, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukhulule umhlaba ube yi-6 cm ukujula, ngoba amanzi amaningi we-Valentine F1 ahlukahlukene ayonakalisa - izimpande zawo zibola ngokushesha futhi isitshalo siyafa.
Kufanelekile ukumisa ngokuphelele ukuchelela emavikini angu-3-4 ngaphambi kokuvuna. Ngalesi sikhathi, amakhanda eklabishi azoba nesikhathi sokuthola ushukela, agcine isimo sawo esithengiswayo futhi azogcinwa kangcono.
Ukulawulwa kokhula nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile, ngemuva kwakho konke, basheshe baphuce ukukhanya kwelanga futhi imvamisa baba ngumthombo wezifo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuxegisa inhlabathi kuzosiza ukubhekana nokhula, okuzozuzisa iklabishi kuphela.
Esinye isilinganiso sokunakekelwa yi-hilling, esiza isiqu ukubamba ikhanda elisindayo kahle. IHill yenziwa cishe izikhathi ezi-2 ngesizini ngayinye:
- Isikhathi sokuqala sokuphosa senziwa ezinsukwini eziyi-7-10 emva kokutshala izithombo endaweni ehlala njalo lapho zimila kahle.
- IHilling yesibili yenziwa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-1-1.5lapho ikhanda leklabishi liqala ukwakha. Ngosizo lwe-hilling, kungenzeka ukuvikela ikhanda leklabishi kumswakama owedlulele futhi uvimbele isitshalo ekuweleni ohlangothini olulodwa emimoyeni enamandla.
Ukujula kwe-Hilling - obungekho ngaphezu kuka-6 cm, ububanzi bomhlabathi okhiwayo bungaba yisitshalo esi-1 - amasentimitha angama-30. Kungcono ukwenza i-hilling ngemuva kwemvula enkulu noma ukuchelela okuningi.
Ukondla okwengeziwe kwenziwa izikhathi ezine ngenkathi yokukhula. Ukuze amakhanda eklabishi akhe kahle, adinga i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-calcium ne-potassium. Njengoba zonke lezi zinto zikhona emqubeni wenkomo, ungashintshanisa ukwethulwa kukamanyolo wamaminerali kanye nemvelo ngaphansi kweklabishi.
Ukuvuna nokugcina
Ungaqala ukuvuna ngezinsuku zokugcina zikaSepthemba noma ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Kungcono ukugcina amakhanda eklabishi egumbini elingaphansi, ezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kuka- + 1 C ° futhi lingabi ngaphezu kuka- +5 C °. Ngaphandle kwalokho, iklabishi lingabanda noma liqale ukubola.
Izindlela zokugcina ezinkulu:
- kuraki;
- ku-limbo;
- emabhokisini.
Abanye besifazane basonga ikhanda ngalinye leklabishi ngephepha noma ngefilimu yokudla, okuzogcina ubumnandi bezimfoloko. Ngaphambi kokugcina, kufanele uhlole ngokucophelela wonke amakhanda eklabishi bese ukhetha okungalungile. Futhi, wonke amaqabunga angaphezulu asuswa kulowo nalowo kubo, ashiye ama-2-3 awo kwimfoloko ngayinye.
Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Valentine F1 zigcinwa izinyanga eziyi-7, futhi ngenxa yokunambitheka okuhle nezindawo eziwusizo zenhloko yeklabishi, le ngxube iyakhanga ngokukhula kokubili emapulazini ezimboni nawangasese.