Ukhukhamba uyimifino ethandwayo ezweni lethu, ngakho-ke wonke umlimi wensimu, noma ngabe ungakanani ubukhulu besakhiwo, uthanda ukutshala ukhukhamba engadini yakhe. Kepha noma kunezici ezifanayo zesimo sezulu, isivuno sehlukile kuwo wonke umuntu. Imfihlo yonke ilele ekunakekelweni lapho ukhula ukhukhamba, kubalulekile ukutshala ngokuya ngemithetho.
Uma ulandela amasu afanele ezolimo, tshala ngokuya ngezeluleko maqondana nezitshalo ezazandulelwa nguwe futhi uzinakekele kahle, khona-ke ukuthola isivuno esihle ngisho nasembewini ngeke kube nzima kwabaqalayo.
Izidingo eziyisisekelo zamakhukhamba akhulayo endle
Ngokuvamile, ukunakekela isiko akukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi kunzima, kepha kunikezwe isimo sezulu sezici zesifunda, kunama-nuances amaningi odinga ukukwazi.
Izidingo eziyinhloko zamakhukhamba akhulayo zifaka:
- ukutshala kukhethwe kuphela imbewu enempilo, eqeqeshiwe;
- inhlabathi okufanele uyihlwanyele kufanele ivuleke futhi ibe ne-asidi encane;
- Ukutshala imbewu nezithombo kwenziwa ngesikhathi esinqunyelwe ngokuhambisana nombuso wokushisa;
- ngesikhathi sokukhula 3-4 ukususa ukhula nokuxegisa inhlabathi;
- imibhede iniselwa njalo ngamanzi afudumele (amalitha ayi-10-14 nge-1 m2);
- umanyolo nokufaka umquba kwethulwa ngokwesheduli, amazinga okusetshenziswa kwezakhi akanakushintshwa;
- imibhede kufanele itholakale ohlangothini olunelanga, kodwa hhayi okusalungiswa;
- lapho utshala izithombo, gwema ukuqina;
- lawula ngesikhathi isimo sezitshalo nezinga lomswakama womhlabathi;
- uma kunezinkinga ezihlonziwe, masinyane cubungula isiko.
Izindlela ezikhulayo
Kunezindlela ezimbalwa ongakhetha kuzo zokutshala uhlaza. Phakathi kwezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu: endle, endaweni yokugcina izithombo, kuvulandi, emgqonyeni, njll.
Lapho uhlwanyela imifino emibhedeni evulekile, indlela yokuhlwanyela nokutshala izithombo iyasetshenziswa.
Ungayitshala kanjani ingadi
Kuyadingeka ukuhlwanyela imbewu ezinkomba ezithile zokushisa, uma kungenjalo izithombo zingahle zivele. Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi nembewu... Izinga lomsebenzi owenziwayo alincikile kuphela ekutheni zingahluma kanjani, kepha futhi nasekuqineni kokuthuthuka kwezithombo.
Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwamaqabunga ama-3-4, umbhede ojwayelekile uyancipha, kushiye izithombo eziqine kakhulu. Esigabeni sokuhluma nokukhula kwamahlumela, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa umswakama owanele, ukukhanya okuhle nokukhulelwa nanoma iziphi izakhamzimbaesiza isitshalo ukuba sikhule.
Izithombo
Indlela yesithombo isetshenziselwa ukuthola isivuno sokuqala kanye nokuvikela amahlumela amancanyana emakhazeni entwasahlobo. Izithombo ezikhulile ku-greenhouse noma ekhaya zidluliselwa embhedeni wensimu osuvele uqinisiwe. Isistimu yabo yezimpande, yize ibuthakathaka, igxila ngokushesha endaweni entsha.
Kubalulekile ukuthi ungalimazi impande ezwelayo lapho udlulisela izithombo emgodini.
Ngaphambi kokutshala amahlumela emhlabathini ovulekile kumele iguqulwe emgwaqweni, ushintsho olucijile lwendawo yokuhlala nezinga lokushisa kungazilimaza.
Imivimbo ingafakwa ekusakazeni nase-trellis. Ngokuya ngendlela ekhethiwe, isikhala phakathi kwamahlathi nemigqa kufanele sibhekwe. Uma kungekho garter, kufanele kube nendawo eyanele yokuba neziqu zisabalale engadini.
Kukuphi okungcono ukutshala ukhukhamba ukuze uthole isivuno esihle
Isiko leli lidabuka eNdiya, ngakho-ke isimo sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama sikulungele. Ukwakheka kwesiswebhu kuyakhombisa isidingo se-garter ku-trellis.
Umbhede wensimu ohlelwe ngale ndlela uvikelekile ezifweni zefungal ngenqwaba yezimvula kanye nasemisebeni eshisayo yelanga. Izithelo zithola umthunzi ngaphansi kwamaqabunga amakhulu esitshalo. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ilanga elishisayo nalo liyingozi kumakhukhamba, ukusha kungahle kuvele ohlathini.
Njengoba kunikezwe izici zesimo sezulu, kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka ukufiphaza okuncane kwezihlahla noma umthunzi oyingxenye. Lokhu kulula ukukwenza ngokutshala ummbila, ubhekilanga noma amagilebhisi angaphansi endaweni esephaseji. Ukukhanya okusakazekile kuzoba lusizo kakhulu esitshalweni.
Ngalo lonke uthando lomswakama, akufanele ukhethe indawo ezindaweni eziphansi zokuhlwanyela ukhukhamba. Ngemvula eningi nezinga eliphezulu lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, izitshalo zisongelwa ngezifo zesikhunta ngenxa yokugcwala kwamanzi. Kungcono kakhulu indawo egqumeni lapho kulula kakhulu ukulawula izinga lomswakama womhlabathi.
Ukulungiselela umhlaba wokutshala
Kungcono ukulungiselela indawo yensimu yamakhukhamba ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukuze ukhiphe isimanga esingemnandi.
Ekupheleni kwesizini kusuka kusayithi zonke izinsalela zezitshalo nemfucumfucu kuyasuswa... Ngezibungu zezinambuzane nezinye izinto ezincane, zithakazelisa kakhulu. Endaweni enjalo, izimuncagazi zilala busika futhi entwasahlobo sezivele zigcwalisa amakoloni ngesizukulwane esisha.
Ukuqeda lokhu kungenzeka, kunconywa ngaphezu kokuhlanzwa qiniseka ukumba umhlabathi (ukucwilisa ukujula okungenani ama-25 cm). Kungcono ukwenza lokhu ngaphambi nje kweqhwa, ukuvimbela ama-parasites ekutholeni indawo entsha yokukhosela. Futhi, umsebenzi wasekwindla uhlanganisa ukwethulwa komanyolo wokukhulisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi. Le nqubo ingahlanganiswa nokumba.
Endaweni yasentwasahlobo wemba futhi futhi kufanele ubulawe amagciwane... Ukwenza lokhu, sebenzisa isisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate noma amanzi abilayo.
Ukhukhamba uphendula kahle kakhulu kulolu hlobo lukamanyolo olufana ne- umquba... Ingafakwa kokubili ekwindla nasentwasahlobo amasonto ama-2-3 ngaphambi kokwehla (8-10 kg nge-1 m2). Ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwamahlumela amancane, izinto ze-nitrogen ne-potassium-phosphorus (25 g kasawoti we-potassium, 40 g we-superphosphate) zifakwa emhlabathini.
Ngenkathi yokulungiselela inhlabathi yesizini entsha, ukuze uyivimbele, kuyadingeka ukwelapha umbhede wesikhathi esizayo ngomlotha wokhuni noma amalungiselelo akhethekile avikela izihlahla ezinambuzaneni (iFitoverm, i-Aktellik).
Indlela yokutshala enhlabathini
Ukukhulisa uhlaza ngezimbewu kudinga ukuhambisana nale mithetho elandelayo:
- isikhathi sokuhlwanyela sikhethiwe kucatshangelwa izimo ezihle zokushisa (ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kukaJuni);
- imbewu kufanele icutshungulwe ngaphambi kokutshala;
- inhlabathi kufanele ibulawe amagciwane futhi ivundiswe;
- imibhede ibekwe kahle kakhulu ukusuka empumalanga kuya entshonalanga;
- iphethini lokufika - 20x100 noma 60x80 (kuya ngendlela yokulima);
- ukucwiliswa kwembewu ukucwiliswa kungu-2-3 cm.
Imithetho ekhulayo yezithombo:
- imbewu kufanele ilungiswe (ukuhlunga, ukucwilisa, ukubulala amagciwane);
- Umhlabathi nawo uyadingeka sebulala amagciwane futhi ucebise ngomsoco;
- kuhle ukutshala izithombo ukusebenzisa i-substrate yomhlaba we-sod, i-mullein ne-humus (2: 1: 7);
- ukufaka umanyolo emhlabathini, kuneziswa izinto (30 g ye-ammonium nitrate noma i-urea, 20 g we-superphosphate, 6 g kasawoti we-potassium, 30 g we-lime ebhakedeni ngalinye lomhlabathi);
- umbuso wokushisa ngemuva kokuhlwanyela - 12-15 degrees; ngemuva kokuthi izithombo zithole isikhathi sokukhuphuka, okokuqala, izinsuku ezimbalwa, kugcinwa ama-degree angama-20-25, khona-ke izinga lokushisa lehliswa - emini liye kuma-20-22 degrees, ebusuku liye kuma-15 degrees;
- Ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemuva kokuvela kwezithombo, izithombo zondliwa nge-slurry (1: 1) ngokufakwa kwama-20 g we-superphosphate ebhakedeni ngalinye lenhlanganisela;
- ngesonto ngaphambi kokudlulisela amahlumela endaweni evulekile, chitha nsuku zonke ukuqina kwangaphandle;
- i-prophylaxis, izithombo ziphathwa nge-epin noma i-immunocytophyte.
Lungisa ukunakekelwa kwezithombo
Imithetho yokunakekela umbhede wamakhukhamba icacile. Phakathi kwezimo eziyinhloko - kwakha indawo enomswakama... Lokhu kulawulwa ngokunisela.
Ilungele ukunakekelwa kwezithombo ukuchelela noma ukuchelela ngenkasa... Ukusebenzisa ipayipi kungalimaza izimpande ezikhululekile ngejethi enamandla. Indawo encane ingachitheka ngebhodlela le-spray. Isilinganiso samanzi nge-1 m2 ngamalitha ayi-10-14.
Izinqubo eziqhubekayo - 1 isikhathi ezinsukwini eziyi-7 ngomswakamo omaphakathi womoya, 1 isikhathi ezinsukwini ezi-5 emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwama-28 degrees.
Ukunisela imibhede, kusetshenziswa kuphela amanzi afudumele, ahleliwe. Ukusetshenziswa ketshezi olubandayo kuthinta kabi ukukhula kwesitshalo.
Ukuqina kokuthuthuka nokwakhiwa kokuqhuma okukhulu kudinga okunomsoco omningi, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukungawunaki umbuso wokondla. Ngemuva kokuthi amahlumela okuqala avele ebusweni bomhlabathi, ukudla kokuqala10 g kasawoti we-potassium, 10 g we-ammonium nitrate, 30 g we-superphosphate athathwa ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi.
Ukudla kwesibili umbhede wensimu ucebiswa ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, okuphindwe kabili inani likamanyolo oncibilikisiwe. Lapho ufaka umanyolo, ukuxhumana phakathi kwesixazululo esisebenzayo nengxenye eluhlaza yesivuno kufanele kugwenywe.
Ukuvikela ukhukhamba ekubolile nasezinambuzane, kunconywa ukuthi wenze ngezikhathi ezithile ukhula... Le nqubo ivame ukuhlanganiswa nokukhulula, okunikeza ukufinyelela kwamahhala komoya-mpilo emhlabathini futhi kuvimbele ukwakheka komswakama omile enhlabathini. Ukhula lokuqala lwenziwa ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwamaqabunga ama-4-5 kumahlumela.
Isimo sezulu saseNtwasahlobo sivame ukungalindeleka, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokuhlwanyela ingadi embozwe nge-foil noma i-agrofiber.
Ifilimu kufanele isuswe emini, nendawo yokukhosela kufanele ibuyiselwe futhi ebusuku. Ngakho isithwathwa sekwephuzile ngeke kubangele ukufa kwezithombo.
Ngokuya ngolwazi olunikeziwe, singaphetha ngokuthi akunzima ukudala izimo ezikahle zamakhukhamba akhulayo. Ukuvimbela okufika ngesikhathi kuzovimbela umonakalo esitshalweni izinambuzane nezifo ezahlukahlukene. Futhi ngenxa yokudla okuhambisanayo nokunisela, amakhukhamba azonikezwa ukunambitheka okuphezulu.