Ukhukhamba kutshalwa ngokuphelele cishe kuzo zonke izifunda zezwe lethu. Zitshalwa ngisho efasiteleni. Iphunga elisha nokunambitheka okuthambile kugcwalisa izitsha eziningi. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke umuntu osebenza engadini ongaziqhayisa ngokuvuna okukhulu; kunezifo eziningi ezinciphisa kakhulu ukuthela kwesitshalo. Uhlome ngolwazi, kungenzeka ukubhekana nanoma yiziphi izinsongo nezifo zamakhukhamba.
Izifo ezivame kakhulu ikhukhamba ku abamba ukushisa kanye endle
Lo mbhalo uzogxila ezifweni zamakhukhamba. Ukuba nolwazi mayelana nezimpawu zokutheleleka okuthile, ungasabela ngokushesha, ngaleyo ndlela wenze inkinga ibe sendaweni yokuqala.
Ukubambezeleka nezenzo ezingalungile kuholela emiphumeleni engalungiseki - iningi lesitshalo liyashabalala.
Ukulwa nezifo kuqala okwamanje kusukela ekwindlalapho sekuyisikhathi sokulungiselela ingadi yesizini ezayo. Izinga lokuhlanzwa kwenhlabathi kusuka ezinsaleleni zezitshalo lakha isisekelo sesivuno esizayo.
Ngaphezu kokulandela imithetho yobuchwepheshe bezolimo, kubalulekile njalo hlola izitshalowenza noma yiziphi izinguquko. Ngokwesimo samaqabunga, ama-inflorescence nezithelo, kungenzeka ukuthi kuhlolwe futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezibekiwe ukuze kutholakale indawo ethintekile.
I-Brown Olive Spot (iCladosporium)
Isifo sokukhunta esisakazeka ezitshalweni ezinempilo kusuka kudoti wezitshalo noma ngenxa yokushintsha okungazelelwe kokushisa. Ukuthuthukiswa kwefungus nakho kuphawulwe ngokunisela imibhede ngamanzi abandayo usebenzisa ukufafaza.
Izimpawu zokuqala zingatholakala emaqabungeni nasekusikeni ngendlela izindawo ezinamafutha ansundu... Kamuva, amabala amboziwe futhi izithelo ezingena ezilondeni ziguqula umbala omnyama ube okhanyayo.
Lapho ufaka izithombo zezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala noma utshala isitshalo kusuka kwimbewu, kufanele vikela imibhede ngefilili noma enye impahla ukuvikeleka emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Uma isimo sezulu sesifunda sibonakala ngomswakama ophezulu, kunconywa ukuthi ukhethe izinhlobo ezingamelana ne-cladosporium.
Ngokuvinjelwa nokwenziwa kwendawo yangakini okuthintekayo, kubalulekile ukwenza ukwelashwa okungafika ku-4 kwamakhukhamba isizini Ingxube yeBordeaux (nge-chloride yethusi).
Ukubuna kweFusarium
Lesi sifo sivame ukuthinta ukhukhamba otshalwe endaweni abamba ukushisa.
Izimpawu: ukubuna esiqongweni sehlathi kanye namaqabunga ngamanye... Ukuguquka kwengxenye yezimpande nakho kuyabonakala. I-pathogen ingadluliselwa ngenzalo nomhlabathi, ngakho-ke ukubulala amagciwane kulokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuvimbela.
Usizo lokuqala ngu ukulawulwa kokunisela nokulawulwa kwamazinga okushisa ketshezi olusetshenzisiwe... Ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, uhlelo lokungenisa umoya ludinga ukuthuthukiswa.
Ukubola okumpunga
Izindawo ezinamanzi esiqwini, amaqabunga ngisho nase-inflorescence isignali empunga yesiginali Lesi sifo sathola igama laso ngenxa yombala wesici se-plaque ezindaweni ezakhiwe. Imbali ethintekile iyafa, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwenza ukugxila kutholakale ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwalokho isivuno sizosongelwa.
Esibonakalisweni sokuqala, kunconywa ukuphatha izitshalo isisombululo se-soda (75 gr. Isoda ngebhakede lamanzi). Phinda inqubo njalo ezinsukwini ezintathu.
Ukubola okumhlophe
Kwaziwa ukuqhakaza okumhlophe emaphepheni ohlaza. Kamuva, amahlamvu aqala ukuqaqamba, abe mnyama futhi aqhekeke.
Ukubola kusakazeka ngeziqu nezithelo, ngakho-ke akufanelekile ukubambezela ukucubungula.
Ku-greenhouse, le nkinga ivela ngenxa yokungangeni komoya okwanele, endle - ngenxa yokuqina nokhula olungomakhelwane.
Ukumisa ukuthuthukiswa kokubola, kubalulekile ukufafaza imibhede Isixazululo se-sulfate yethusi (ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi, thatha u-2 g we-vitriol kanye no-10 g we-urea).
Ukubola kwezimpande
Lesi sifo singaba yimvelaphi yefungal noma yebhaktheriya. Isizathu sokunqotshwa kwamakhukhamba silele ngokungabi bikho kwe-disinfection kwembewu nomhlabathi. Inhlabathi ye-saline, ukwehla okushisa okubukhali kungashukumisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo. Ezimpandeni, inqubo yokukhiqiza kabusha kwama-microorganisms iyaqhubeka ngisho nasenhlabathini eyomile, inqobo nje uma ifudumele.
Izimpawu Zokubola Kwezimpande: ukubuna kwamaqabunga, ukwenza impande kube mnyama, ukubhujiswa kwesakhiwo sayo (iba ebolile).
Isidakamizwa UFitosporin-M isetshenziswa kokubili njengomuthi wokuvikela nokwenza indawo ethintekile ibe yendawo.
I-mosaic yasensimini
Isifo segciwane esivame ukuhanjiswa ngokhula. Kakade ngezithombo ungathola amaqabunga aphuzi agobe abe yishubhu... Esiqwini kuyabonakala ukuqhekeka longitudinal.
Akufanelekile ukutshala amahlumela anegciwane, kuzoba nomqondo omncane kubo, kepha izithombo ezinempilo zizoba sengozini.
Ngokwesiko labantu abadala, i-mosaic yaziwa ngesici sayo amabala amaqabunga nezithelo... Izimbali ezihlahleni ezinegciwane azimili noma ziwe.
Uma kutholakala izimpawu zokuqala, izingcezwana zezitshalo ezithintekile kufanele zisuswe futhi ingadi kufanele ifuthwe ngamalungiselelo: Aktara, Actellic.
I-Anthracnose
Isifo esiyingozi sefungal esingathinti iziqongo zesitshalo kuphela, kepha nezithelo.
Esizeni okugxilwa kuso, amabala ansundu, ekhuphuka ngosayizi futhi eshintsha umbala ube mnyama (kuze kube mnyama). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ichashaza liyoma futhi liwohloke, okuholela ekutheni amaqabunga agcwale izimbobo (njengokungathi zishisiwe).
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindawo ezicindezelekile zakha imifino, zifakwe ku-pulp kuze kufike ku-5 mm. Imbangela ejwayelekile yokutheleleka kwezitshalo yizinhlamvu ezivunwe ezithelweni ezinegciwane. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokutshala, kubalulekile ukukhipha igciwane okokuhlwanyela kokubili kanye nenhlabathi.
Ngemuva kokuthola lesi sifo, udinga ukucubungula imibhede Ingxube yeBordeaux, amalungiselelo esulfure noma iQuadris.
I-bacteriosis
Lesi sifo sithinta ama-cotyledon, amaqabunga nezithelo, okwakheka kuwo izindawo ezinamanzi... Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ziba nsundu, amaqabunga omile futhi aqhekeke, izithelo zigcwele izilonda.
Njengesilinganiso sokuvimbela, kunconywa ukuthi ufafaze njalo amahlumela amancane ngomuthi Hom (ngebhakede lamanzi elingu-40 g womkhiqizo), isikhuthazi sokukhula I-Energen (5 ml ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi).
Ukuvikela ukhukhamba ezifweni
Ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuthuthukisa izifo kumakhukhamba, kunconywa ukuthi kugcinwe izinyathelo zokuvimbela. Phakathi kwalezi eziyinhloko:
- ukuhambisana ukuzungezisa isivuno;
- ukungafaki amagciwane embewu (ukufaka isisombululo se-potassium permanganate);
- ukubulala amagciwane enhlabathini (ukuchelela ngamanzi abilayo, isisombululo se-sulfate yethusi noma i-potassium permanganate yokuhlushwa okuphansi);
- ukuhlunga imbewu ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela ukuze ukhethe okunempilo nokuqine kakhulu;
- phambi kokuqubuka kwezifo zefungal kanye ne-virus, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubeke esikhundleni ungqimba oluphezulu lwenhlabathi (kubaluleke kakhulu ezindlini zokugcina izithombo);
- ngesikhathi esifanele ukususwa kokhulaezakha indawo evumayo yokuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane amancane ayingozi;
- ukuvundiswa kwenhlabathi nokwethulwa kokufaka umquba ngokwesheduli kuzoqinisa ukungavikeleki kwesiko, kukwenze kungangeneki ezifweni;
- Ekupheleni kwesizini, zonke izinsalela zezitshalo ziyasuswa engadini, kukuzo lapho izibungu nezinhlamvu zefungal ebusika.
Ukuphalaza imibhede ngezikhathi ezithile ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene kukhulisa ukumelana kwezitshalo ezifweni.
Ukuvimbela nokwelashwa ngamakhambi abantu
Izindlela zokupheka zabantu zizibonakalise kahle:
- Ukufakwa kwamanzi (1 l) nomlotha wokhuni (100 g) kushiyelwa ukuma okungenani izinsuku ezi-2, ngemuva kwalokho kufakwa insipho yasendlini (4 g) egayiwe kwi-grater enhle. Kuzothatha ukwelashwa oku-2 ngezikhathi ezithile zesonto. Futha ngempumelelo lapho kuqala uphawu lwe-powdery isikhutha noma njengendlela yokuvimbela.
- Izitshalo ezomile (izimbabazane, i-tansy, umhlonyane) ngesisindo esiphelele esingu-100 gr. Thela ilitha elilodwa lamanzi abilayo bese uvumela liphuze cishe amahora amabili. Futha amakhukhamba anoketshezi oluhlungiwe ngezikhathi ezithile zezinsuku eziyi-7-10 uma kusolwa isikhutha se-powdery.
- Uma kwenzeka kunesikhunta, kunconywa ukuthi ufafaze isixazululo esiqukethe amanzi (7 l), i-serum (3 l), i-vitriol (10 gr.).
- Izokwethusa izinambuzane futhi zisuse ukwelashwa kwesikhunta semibhede tincture kagalikhi (30 amagremu kagalikhi oqoshiwe athelwa kwilitha elilodwa lamanzi bese evunyelwa ukuma usuku, emva kwalokho kwengezwa amanye amalitha ayi-9 amanzi).
- Ekulweni nokubola kwezimpande, kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elilungiselelwe kusuka kulezi zithako ezilandelayo: ubisi (1 l), iodine (amaconsi angama-30), amanzi (10 l), insipho yokuwasha (20 gr.).
- Ukuthulula inhlabathi ngokhuni lomlotha noma nge-lime kuzosiza ukukhipha amagciwane embhedeni wegadi kusuka kuma-microorganisms ayingozi. Kunconywa ukwenza izinqubo isikhathi esisodwa ngezinsuku eziyi-10-14.
Imiphi imishanguzo yokufafaza ukulwa nezifo
Nini ukusatshalaliswa okukhulu izifo, kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise izindlela ezinqala zokwelashwa - ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezikhethekile (fungicides). Kudingeka kuphela ukucubungula nokufafaza ukhukhamba nabo ngokucacile ngokwemiyalo.
Phakathi kwalabo abadumile:
- I-Fitosporin;
- I-Cuprosat;
- I-Ridomil Gold;
- Aktara;
- Quadris, njll.
Kunezingozi eziningi zamakhukhamba, kepha izinkinga eziningi zingavinjelwa ngezinyathelo zokuzivikela nokunakekelwa okufika ngesikhathi.
Abalimi abanokuhlangenwe nakho baye bahlakulela izindlela eziningi zokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nokutheleleka, futhi babelana ngokuzithandela izindlela zokupheka eziphumelela kakhulu.